OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to identify and analyze selected factors influencing alcohol use among primary school children aged 8 to 15 years in the academic year 2009/10. METHODS: The sample consisted of children from 28 primary schools. Data of this cross-sectional study were collected using questionnaires. Chi-Square test was used to test differences in proportions of observed phenomena between boys and girls. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the influence of selected factors on the variable "child's alcohol drinking per week". RESULTS: The sample consisted of 2,494 respondents (52% of boys, 48% of girls). In the study group 78% of all respondents (95% CI=76-80) drank alcohol infrequently (less than once a week) or did not drink alcohol at all, and 22% of respondents (95% Cl=20-24) drank alcohol at least once a week. More boys than girls considered alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine and spirit as quite easily available. We performed the model of multivariate logistic regression analysis using the independent variables: age of respondents, gender of respondents, mother's alcohol drinking, father's alcohol drinking, sibling's alcohol drinking, parental rules, parental control, and mental support from parents (if their children have problems) to identify their effect on the dependent variable - child's alcohol drinking per week. We found out that mother's alcohol drinking and a lack of mental support from parents did not have a statistically significant influence on child's alcohol drinking per week. CONCLUSION: The results of our study point to the fact that it is necessary to focus on the prevention of alcohol drinking in general and among school children in particular. We recommend greater control of the sale of alcoholic beverages, so as to prevent the purchase by people under 18 years of age.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• rodina * MeSH
• rodinné vztahy MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Absint je proslulý alkoholický nápoj, vyráběný již od roku 1792 z pelyňku, navždy spojený s určitou kulturní epochou lidstva. Tento hořký alkoholický nápoj poznamenal celou generaci malířů, básníků a spisovatelů 19. a 20. století a stal se v jejich dílech neodmyslitelnou součástí světového kulturního dědictví. Protože obsahuje neurotoxický thujon, byl jeho prodej ve většině zemí zakázán a v roce 1923 byl zařazen mezi návykové látky. Název absint je odvozen od latinského jména pelyňku Artemisia absinthium. Thujon je bicyklický terpenoidní keton, existující ve dvou stereoizomerních formách. V pelyňku se nachází pouze (+)-thujon, známý též jako alfa-thujon. Tato látka má silné psychotropní účinky a je zodpovědná za toxické poškození mozku u pijáků absintu.

Absinthe is a famous spirit produced since 1792 from wormwood extract, forever connected with specific cultural period of mankind. This bitter strong drink stigmatised whole generation of painters, poets, and writers of 19th and 20th century and entered their work to become an essential part of world cultural heritage. Because of its neurotoxicity associated with thujone content, absinth was made illegal in 1923 as the addictive drug. Its name is derived from the Latin word for wormwood Artemisia absinthium. Thujone is a bicyclic terpenoid ketone, what exists in two stereo-isomeric forms. In wormwood only (+)-thujone, also known as alpha-thujone, is present. This compound has a strong psychotropic effect and is liable for toxic damage of brain in absint’s drinkers.

• MeSH
• absint dějiny   MeSH
• dějiny MeSH
• ketony chemie   metabolismus   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurotoxické syndromy etiologie   MeSH
• neurotoxiny chemie   metabolismus   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• pití alkoholu MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies that investigated alcohol consumption in relation to the risk of bladder cancer (BCa) have demonstrated inconsistent results. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to investigate the association of alcohol including different types of alcoholic beverages consumption with the risk of BCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of Web of Science, Medline/PubMed and Cochrane library was performed in May 2018. Studies were considered eligible if they assessed the risk of BCa due to alcohol consumption (moderate or heavy dose) and different types of alcoholic beverages (moderate or heavy dose) in multivariable analysis in the general population (all genders, males or females) or compared with a control group of individuals without BCa. STUDY DESIGN: observational cohorts or case-control. RESULTS: Sixteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. Moderate and heavy alcohol consumption did not increase the risk of BCa in the entire population. Sub-group and sensitivity analyses revealed that heavy alcohol consumption increased significantly the risk of BCa in the Japanese population, RR 1.31 (95% CI 1.08-1.58, P < 0.01) in the multivariable analysis, and in males RR of 1.50 (95% CI 1.18-1.92, P < 0.01), with no significant statistical heterogeneity. Moreover, heavy consumption of spirits drinks increased the risk of BCa in males, RR 1.42 (95% CI 1.15-1.75, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In this meta-analysis, moderate and heavy alcohol consumption did not increase the risk of bladder cancer significantly. However, heavy consumption of alcohol might increase the risk of BCa in males and in some specific populations.

• MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• pití alkoholu škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether binge drinking pattern influences blood pressure independently from drinking volume or whether it modifies the effect of volume of drinking. METHODS: We used cross-sectional data from population samples of 7559 men and 7471 women aged 45-69 years in 2002-05, not on antihypertensive medication, from Russia, Poland and Czech Republic. Annual alcohol intake, drinking frequency and binge drinking (≥ 100 g in men and ≥ 60 g in women in one session at least once a month) were estimated from graduated frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure was analysed as continuous variables (systolic and diastolic pressure) and a binary outcome (≥ 140/90 mm Hg). RESULTS: In men, annual alcohol intake and drinking frequency were strongly associated with blood pressure. The odds ratio of high blood pressure for binge drinking in men was 1.62 (95% CI 1.45-1.82) after controlling for age, country, body mass index, education and smoking; additional adjustment for annual alcohol intake reduced it to 1.20 (1.03-1.39). In women, the fully adjusted odds ratio of high blood pressure for binge drinking was 1.31 (1.05-1.63). Binge drinking did not modify the effect of annual alcohol intake. Consuming alcohol as wine, beer or spirits had similar effects. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the independent long-term effect of binge drinking was modest, that binge drinking did not modify the effect of alcohol intake, and that different alcoholic beverages had similar effects on blood pressure.

• MeSH
• diastola fyziologie   MeSH
• hypertenze epidemiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• krevní tlak fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nápoje MeSH
• nárazové pití alkoholu epidemiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• odds ratio MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• systola fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Polsko MeSH
• Rusko MeSH

In academic years 2002/3–2004/5, the use of alcohol was investigated by anonymous questionnaire in 1,032 first and third year pharmacy students in the Czech Republic. Frequencies of beer, wine and spirits use, the age of the first contact with alcoholic beverages, the age of the first drunkenness and the frequency of drunkenness in the last month were ascertained. Average age of the first contact with alcoholic beverages was 12.9 years. 40.5% and 10.9% of students reported regular and hazardous drinking, respectively, with significantly higher proportion of men than women. Hazardous alcohol drinking significantly increased between academic years 2002/3 and 2004/5, no significant differences were found in the proportion of non-drinkers and regular alcohol drinkers over the 3-year-period of the survey. Both regular and hazardous drinking patterns were significantly related to the financial situation of the students. Significant associations were also found between alcohol consumption and using of both licit and illicit drugs of abuse.

• MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pití alkoholu MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• studenti farmacie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

BACKGROUND: Midlife alcohol consumption (beer, wine, and spirits) was examined in relation to dementia incidence over 43 years. METHODS: Participants were 12,326 members of the population-based Swedish Twin Registry born during 1907-1925 who responded to items about alcohol consumption in 1967/1970, subsequently classified as nondrinking (0 grams of ethanol per day), light (1-5g/d), moderate (5-12g/d), heavy (12-24g/d), and very heavy (>24g/d) drinking. Dementia was identified from the National Patient and Cause of Death Registries. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for cluster-correlated data were used in cohort analyses. Conditional logistic regression (dementia-discordant pairs) and mixed effects models (dementia-concordant pairs) were used in twin analyses. RESULTS: Overall, nondrinkers did not differ from light drinkers in dementia risk. Heavy drinking (hazard ratio = 1.10, p = .028) and very heavy drinking (hazard ratio = 1.18, p = .033) were associated with increased dementia risk controlling for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and cardiovascular factors. More alcohol from spirits was related to increased risk of dementia, whereas more alcohol from wine with decreased risk, although the association for wine reversed direction at high amounts. Relative to co-twins drinking light amounts, moderate-to-heavy drinking twins had (a) greater risk of dementia by 57% (p = .006, 300% in monozygotic pairs only) and (b) reduced time to dementia by 4.76 years (p = .019, 4.78 years in monozygotic pairs only). CONCLUSION: Averaging more than 12 grams of alcohol per day may increase risk of dementia. Alcohol from spirits appears particularly important for the increased dementia risk. Genetic and/or familial factors do not explain these associations. Alcohol use reduction may be a useful population-wide intervention strategy.

• MeSH
• demence epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• registrace MeSH
• riziko MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• studie na dvojčatech MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Švédsko MeSH

Alkoholizmus ako pravidelné, nadmerné a zdravie ohrozujúce konzumovanie alkoholických nápojov považujeme za závislosť, ktorá ohrozuje nielen jedinca, ale aj celú spoločnosť. Článok predstavuje zistenia realizovaného výskumu, ktorého čiastkovým cieľom bolo identifikovať mieru výskytu konzumácie alkoholu u detí v detských domovoch. Výberový súbor tvorilo 141 detí z detských domovov v Nitrianskom kraji (n = 141). Celkovo boli dáta získané zo siedmych detských domovov. Išlo o zámerný výber, pričom v každom detskom domove boli respondentmi deti a mládež vo veku od 11 do 19 rokov. Zber dát sa uskutočnil pomocou dotazníka ESPAD, z ktorého boli vybrané oblasti, na ktoré bol zameraný náš výskum. Dotazník vznikol v rámci medzinárodnej štúdie ESPAD. Výskum ukázal, že takmer tri štvrtiny respondentov majú skúsenosť s požívaním alkoholických nápojov, pričom najčastejšie požívaným alkoholom je pivo a tvrdý alkohol. Výskumné zistenia demonštrujú potrebu realizovať opatrenia v oblasti sociálnej politiky a zamerať sa na tvorbu a realizáciu preventívnych programov so zreteľom na špecifické potreby detí z detských domovov.

Alcoholism, regular, excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to health. It is considered an addiction is destructive not only to an individual but also to society as a whole. One of the objectives of the research was to identify the rates of alcohol consumption by children from children's homes. The sample study group consisted of 141 children from children's homes from Nitra region (n = 141). In total, the data were collected from 7 children's homes. In each children's home the respondents were intentionally chosen from children and youth between the age of 11 and 19. Data collecting was carried out using ESPAD questionnaires. Particular fields were selected from the questionnaire corresponding to the objectives of the research. The research showed that almost three quarters of the respondents have had experience with alcohol consumption. The most commonly consumed form of alcohol is beer and spirits. Research findings demonstrate the need to take measures in the field of social policy and to focus on the creation and implementation of preventive programmes with regard to specific needs of children from children's homes.

• MeSH
• alkoholismus * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dětský domov MeSH
• dítě v ústavní péči * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• pití alkoholu MeSH
• pití nezletilých * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• zdravotně rizikové chování MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

K nejdůležitějším faktorům působícím na spotře­bu potravin patří vývoj koupěschopné poptávky. Změny v koupěschopné poptávce se promítly i do spotřeby potravin (snížení spotřeby živočiš­ných potravin a růst spotřeby potravin rostlinné­ho původu). Po růstu koupěschopné poptávky je ; v současné době zřejmá její stagnace a ta přináší i změnu poptávky směrem k preferenci levnějších potravin, protože spotřebitelská cena je stále velmi ' důležitým faktorem ovlivňujícím poptávku. Ve sle­dovaném období (2000-2011) se celková spotřeba potravin zvýšila, zejména vzrostla spotřeba rost­linných produktů. U většiny potravinářských vý­robků došlo ke zvýšení nebo stagnaci spotřeby, než k jejímu snížení. K výraznějšímu snížení spo­třeby došlo pouze u hovězího masa, chleba a li­hovin. Naopak k nejvyššímu zvýšení spotřeby do­šlo u nealkoholických nápojů, pšeničného pečiva, ostatních mléčných výrobků, sýrů, másla, vína, ' jižního ovoce a výrobků z obilovin celkem. Vývoj spotřeby do značné míry závisí na vývoji ekono­miky, ale ani při nepříznivém vývoji neočekáváme výrazné snížení hmotné spotřeby (biologický cha­rakter výživy). Vývoj spotřeby není jednoznačně . nepříznivý ani z hlediska výživových požadavků (kladem je zejména zvyšující se spotřeba ovoce a zeleniny i mlékárenských výrobků).

Development of effective demand belongs to the most important factors acting on the food con­sumption. Changes of effective demand are reflec­ted in food consumption (reducing of consumption of animal foods and increase of consumption of foods of plant origin). After the growth of effective; demand is currently evident the stagnation, and it also brings a change in demand towards che­aper food preference, because the retail price is still a very important factor affecting the demand. In the observed period (2000-2011) the total food consumption has increased, especially increased consumption of plant products. The majority of food products has been increased or stagnation consumption than for its reduction. Significant decrease in consumption occurred only beef, bread and spirits. In contrast, the highest increase in consumption occurred in soft drinks, bread wheat, other dairy products, cheese, butter, wine, tropical fruit and cereal products in total. The de­velopment of consumption depends largely on the economy, but even under adverse development we do not expect a significant reduction in ma­terial consumption (biological nature of nutrition). Development of consumption is neither clearly negative nor the nutritional requirements (positive is particularly the increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables as well dairy products).

• MeSH
• chléb statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• fyziologie výživy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• máslo statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• maso statistika a číselné údaje   využití   MeSH
• mléčné výrobky statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• ovoce zásobování a distribuce   MeSH
• pití alkoholu MeSH
• potraviny a nápoje * statistika a číselné údaje   zásobování a distribuce   MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

OBJECTIVE: There is a common notion that beer drinkers are, on average, more 'obese' than either nondrinkers or drinkers of wine or spirits. This is reflected, for example, by the expression 'beer belly'. However, the few studies on the association between consumption of beer and abdominal obesity produced inconsistent results. We examined the relation between beer intake and waist-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI) in a beer-drinking population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: General population of six districts of the Czech Republic. SUBJECTS: A random sample of 1141 men and 1212 women aged 25-64 y (response rate 76%) completed a questionnaire and underwent a short examination in a clinic. Intake of beer, wine and spirits during a typical week, frequency of drinking, and a number of other factors were measured by a questionnaire. The present analyses are based on 891 men and 1098 women who where either nondrinkers or 'exclusive' beer drinkers (ie they did not drink any wine or spirits in a typical week). RESULTS: The mean weekly beer intake was 3.1 l in men and 0.3 l in women. In men, beer intake was positively related to WHR in age-adjusted analyses, but the association was attenuated and became nonsignificant after controlling for other risk factors. There appeared to be an interaction with smoking: the relation between beer intake and WHR was seen only among nonsmokers. Beer intake was not related to BMI in men. In women, beer intake was not related to WHR, but there was a weak inverse association with BMI. CONCLUSION: It is unlikely that beer intake is associated with a largely increased WHR or BMI.

• MeSH
• alkoholické nápoje MeSH
• břicho anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• kouření * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• pití alkoholu * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• pivo * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• tělesná konstituce * MeSH
• víno MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Práca podáva prehľad aktuálnych epidemiologických údajov o spotrebe alkoholu v SR a ČR podľa údajov WHO a ukazuje postavenie SR a ČR vo svetovom a európskom rebríčku spotreby. Česká a Slovenská republika sú krajinami s najvyššou spotrebou alkoholu v Európe (2. a 11. miesto) i vo svete (3. a 13. miesto). Doterajšie trendy potvrdili vzrastajúcu spotrebu alkoholu v SR i ČR po r. 1990, so vzrastom u mládeže i u žien. Na Slovensku sa za 40-ročné obdobie zistil 10-násobný vzostup mortality na cirhózu pečene u mužov a 4-násobný u žien. Zvýšený nárast mortality na cirhózu po 90. rokoch na Slovensku je dôsledkom zvýšeného podielu neregistrovanej spotreby alkoholu. V Českej republike za 40 rokov vzrástla spotreba alkoholu na obyvateľa o 67 %. Práca uvádza trendy spotreby podľa druhu preferovaného nápoja. V spotre-be piva je na 1. mieste vo svete i v Európe ČR, SR je na 10. mieste v Európe. V spotrebe liehovín je SR na 5. mieste a ČR na 6. mieste v Európe. V spotrebe vína je ČR na 22. mieste, SR na 31. mieste v Európe. Práca poukazuje na rizikové a protektívne účinky alkoholu, popisuje hranicu medzi bezpečnou a rizikovou dávkou alkoholu a zoznamuje s aktuálnymi údaj mi o nepriaznivých trendoch spotreby u európskej, slovenskej a českej mládeže.

The article gives an overview of actual epidemiologic data on alcohol consumption in Slovakia (SR) and the Czech Republic (CR) based on data from the WHO, and shows the position of SR and CR in alcohol consumption tables for the world and Europe. CR and SR are amongst the countries with the highest alcohol consumption in Europe (2nd and 11th place) and in the world (3rd and 13th place). Trends have shown increasing alcohol consumption in SR and CR since 1990, especially in youth and females. Over the past 40 years, Slovakia has recorded a 10-fold increase in mortality from liver cirrhosis in males and a 4-fold increase in females. The rising mortality from liver cirrhosis since 1990 in SR is the consequence of an increase in the consumption of illegal (non-registered) alcohol. In the Czech Republic, alcohol consumption has increased by 67% in the past 40 years. The article outlines trends in consumption per kind of preferred drink. In beer consumption, the Czech Republic is number one both in Europe and in the world, SR ranks 10th in Europe. In spirit consumption, SR ranks 5th, and CR 6th in Europe. In wine consumption, CR occu-pies the 22nd place, and SR the 31st place in Europe. The paper shows the risks and protective effects of alcohol, describes the borderline between safe and harmful alcohol dose, and presents actual trends of alcohol consumption in European, Slovak and Czech youth.

• MeSH
• alkoholické nápoje statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• pití alkoholu mortalita   škodlivé účinky   trendy   MeSH
• přehledová literatura jako téma MeSH
• zdravotnické přehledy MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH