Natural sweeteners are in high demand as a part of a healthy lifestyle. Among them, sweeteners with decreased caloric value and suitability for diabetes patients are most requested. Extension in their consumption extends the need for their quality control. A fast gradient UHPLC coupled with charged aerosol detection enabling quantitation of stevioside, rebaudioside A-D, and steviolbioside in commercial sweeteners and Stevia rebaudiana plant extracts has been developed. The method was developed to achieve high efficiency, simplicity, versatility, and low solvent consumption. All steviol glycosides were baseline-separated in less than 4 min with a total run time of 7 min. Buffer-free eluents were used in the separations and only 2.45 mL solvent were needed per analysis. The Luna Omega Polar column featuring polar modification of the C18 stationary phase was employed with mobile phases composed of water and acetonitrile for the excellent separation of polar steviol glycosides. The flow rate of the mobile phase 0.35 mL/min, column temperature 50 °C and injection volume 2 µL were used. Critical pair of glycosides, stevioside and rebaudioside A, were baseline separated with a resolution of 2.41. The universal charged aerosol detector allowed quantitation of steviol glycosides with a limit of detection and quantitation 0.15 and 0.5 µg/mL, respectively. Method intra-day precision was less than 2% (RSD), and the recovery was 89.6-105.0% and 93.8-111.4% for plant material and sweetener tablets, respectively. The quantity of steviol glycosides in three out of four commercial sweeteners was 3.0-12.3% higher than declared. The content was about 12.4% less than declared in one sample. But the difference from the labeled content corresponded to trueness and precision of the developed method together with variability of sweeteners production. The most abundant glycoside detected in sweeteners was stevioside followed by rebaudioside A. A leaf-to-stem ratio describing the dominant accumulation of steviol glycosides in leaves affected the differences in the amount of steviol glycosides among plant samples.
- MeSH
- Administration, Inhalation MeSH
- Administration, Cutaneous MeSH
- Injections, Intradermal instrumentation MeSH
- Injections, Intramuscular instrumentation MeSH
- Injections, Jet instrumentation MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Vaccination methods trends MeSH
- Vaccines administration & dosage MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Flunisolidje lokálně působící kortikosteroid s výrazným protizánětlivým účinkem. Je určen k dlouhodobé, preventivní intranazální či inhalační aplikaci. Indikacemi podávání flunisolidu jsou alergická, sezónní a celoroční rinitida, konstituční rinitida, prevence tvorby nosních polypů po polypektomii a asthma bronchiale. Flunisolidje dobře snášen. Nežádoucí účinky flunisolidu nejsou závažně a jsou málo časté. Flunisolid nemá interakce s žádným jinými léčivy používanými v léčbě rinitidy a asthma bronchiale.
Flunisolide is a locally active corticosteroid with a strong antiinflammatory effect. It is designed for long-term prophylactic intranasal or inhalatory applications. Flunisolide is used for the therapy of allergic seasonal and year-round rhinitis and constitutional rhinitis, the prevention of nasal polyps after polypectomy and the asthma treatment. It is well tolerated. The side effects of flunisolide are only unimportant and infrequent. It has no interactions with any other drugs used in the treatment of rhinitis and asthma.
- Keywords
- léčba diabetu,
- MeSH
- Administration, Buccal MeSH
- Administration, Inhalation MeSH
- Administration, Intranasal MeSH
- Administration, Cutaneous MeSH
- Diabetes Mellitus drug therapy therapy MeSH
- Injections, Jet methods instrumentation utilization MeSH
- Insulin administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Iontophoresis methods utilization MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Liposomes therapeutic use MeSH
- Nanoparticles therapeutic use MeSH
- Ultrasonics MeSH
- Drug Administration Routes MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
V péči o pacienty s těžkým astmatem máme kromě standardní léčby vysokými dávkami inhalačních kortikosteroidů a inhalačních β2 agonistů, tiotropia, případně antileukotrienů a antihistaminik k dispozici i biologické přípravky. Tato cílená terapie umožňuje zmírnění obtíží typických pro astma, snížení počtu exacerbací a redukci dávek či úplné vysazení systémových kortikosteroidů, které jsou často potřeba k udržení kontroly nad těžkým astmatem.1 Přípravky biologické léčby můžeme dělit do různých skupin: dle mechanismu účinku, dle zacílení na typ zánětu v dýchacích cestách nebo na fenotyp astmatu či dle jejich dostupnosti. V centrech pro obtížně léčitelné astma jsou podávány léky u nás dostupné, tj. schválené Evropskou lékovou agenturou k léčbě asthma bronchiale. Ty pak dělíme na léky mající úhradu v České republice (omalizumab, mepolizumab) a léky, které doposud stanovenou úhradu nemají (reslizumab, benralizumab). Dále pak budou zmíněny léky z probíhajících studií, které jsou velmi slibné v léčbě jednotlivých fenotypů astmatu nebo čekají na schválení k použití na území Evropské unie.
In a care of patients with a severe asthma, we also have biological drugs in addition to standard treatment with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled β2 agonists, thiotropium or oral antileukotrienes and antihistamines. This targeted therapy allows a reduction of respiratory symptomps typical for asthma, the number of exacerbations and dose reduction or complete discontinuation of systemic corticosteroids treatment, which is often needed to maintain control of the severe asthma. [1]. Biologicals can be divided into different groups: by the mechanism of action, by targeting the type of inflammation in the airways or asthma phenotype or by their availability. In the centers for difficult to treat asthma, we prescribe the medicines, that are available in our country, (approved by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of bronchial asthma). We divide those into medicines that have a reimbursement by insurence companies in the Czech Republic (omalizumab, mepolizumab) and medicines not yet paid (reslizumab, benralizumab). In addition, medicines from ongoing studies that are very promising in the treatment of individual asthma phenotypes or pending approval for use within the European Union will be mentioned.
- MeSH
- Administration, Inhalation MeSH
- Asthma * drug therapy classification MeSH
- Molecular Targeted Therapy methods MeSH
- Glucocorticoids administration & dosage MeSH
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Immunoglobulin E drug effects MeSH
- Injections, Subcutaneous MeSH
- Interleukin-13 antagonists & inhibitors MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Omalizumab administration & dosage MeSH
- Receptors, Interleukin-4 drug effects MeSH
- Receptors, Interleukin-5 drug effects MeSH
- Severity of Illness Index MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Administration, Inhalation MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Heroin * administration & dosage MeSH
- Injections, Intravenous MeSH
- Prescription Drugs * MeSH
- Methadone MeSH
- Psychology MeSH
- Sociology MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Therapeutics * economics MeSH
- Drug Users MeSH
- Patient Selection MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Research MeSH
- Heroin Dependence * therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Geographicals
- Netherlands MeSH
- MeSH
- Administration, Inhalation MeSH
- Injections, Subcutaneous MeSH
- Interleukin-2 administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell immunology therapy MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Neoplasm Metastasis immunology therapy MeSH
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
