BACKGROUNDS: SWI/SNF complexes represent a family of multi-subunit chromatin remodelers that are affected by alterations in >20% of human tumors. While mutations of SWI/SNF genes are relatively uncommon in prostate cancer (PCa), the literature suggests that deregulation of various subunits plays a role in prostate tumorigenesis. To assess SWI/SNF functions in a clinical context, we studied the mutually exclusive, paralogue accessory subunits SMARCD1, SMARCD2, and SMARCD3 that are included in every known complex and are sought to confer specificity. METHODS: Performing immunohistochemistry (IHC), the protein levels of the SMARCD family members were measured using a tissue microarray (TMA) comprising malignant samples and matching healthy tissue of non-metastatic PCa patients (n = 168). Moreover, IHC was performed in castration-resistant tumors (n = 9) and lymph node metastases (n = 22). To assess their potential role as molecular biomarkers, SMARCD1 and SMARCD3 protein levels were correlated with clinical parameters such as T stage, Gleason score, biochemical recurrence, and progression-free survival. RESULTS: SMARCD1 protein levels in non-metastatic primary tumors, lymph node metastases, and castration-resistant samples were significantly higher than in benign tissues. Likewise, SMARCD3 protein expression was elevated in tumor tissue and especially lymph node metastases compared to benign samples. While SMARCD1 levels in primary tumors did not exhibit significant associations with any of the tested clinical parameters, SMARCD3 exhibited an inverse correlation with pre-operative PSA levels. Moreover, low SMARCD3 expression was associated with progression to metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: In congruence with previous literature, our results implicate that both SMARCD1 and SMARCD3 may exhibit relevant functions in the context of prostate tumorigenesis. Moreover, our approach suggests a potential role of SMARCD3 as a novel prognostic marker in clinically non-metastatic PCa.

• MeSH
• chromozomální proteiny, nehistonové * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru patologie   metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• lymfatické metastázy MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory prostaty rezistentní na kastraci patologie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory prostaty * patologie   metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stupeň nádoru MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• cytogenetika MeSH
• terminologie jako téma MeSH

• Konspekt
• Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
• NLK Obory
• cytologie, klinická cytologie
• genetika, lékařská genetika
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

The study aimed to investigate prevalent chromosomal breakpoints identified in balanced structural chromosomal anomalies and to pinpoint potential candidate genes linked with male infertility. This was acchieved through a comprehensive approach combining RNA-seq and microarray data analysis, enabling precise identification of candidate genes. The Cytogenetics data from 2,500 infertile males referred to Royan Research Institute between 2009 and 2022 were analyzed, with 391 cases meeting the inclusion criteria of balanced chromosomal rearrangement. Of these, 193 cases exhibited normal variations and were excluded from the analysis. By examining the breakpoints, potential candidate genes were suggested. Among the remaining 198 cases, reciprocal translocations were the most frequent anomaly (129 cases), followed by Robertsonian translocations (43 cases), inversions (34 cases), and insertions (3 cases).Some patients had more than one chromosomal abnormality. Chromosomal anomalies were most frequently observed in chromosomes 13 (21.1%), 14 (20.1%), and 1 (16.3%) with 13q12, 14q12, and 1p36.3 being the most prevalent breakpoints, respectively. Chromosome 1 contributed the most to reciprocal translocations (20.2%) and inversions (17.6%), while chromosome 14 was the most involved in the Robertsonian translocations (82.2%). The findings suggested that breakpoints at 1p36.3 and 14q12 might be associated with pregestational infertility, whereas breakpoints at 13q12 could be linked to both gestational and pregestational infertility. Several candidate genes located on common breakpoints were proposed as potentially involved in male infertility. Bioinformatics analyses utilizing three databases were conducted to examine the expression patterns of 78 candidate genes implicated in various causes of infertility.‏ In azoospermic individuals, significant differential expression was observed in 19 genes: 15 were downregulated (TSSK2, SPINK2, TSSK4, CDY1, CFAP70, BPY2, BTG4, FKBP6, PPP2R1B, SPECC1L, CENPJ, ‏SKA3, FGF9, NODAL, CLOCK), while four genes were upregulated ‏(‏HSPB1, MIF, PRF1, ENTPD6). In the case of Asthenozoospermia, seven genes showed significant upregulation (PRF1, DDX21, KIT, SRD5A3, MTCH1, DDX50, NODAL). Though RNA-seq data for Teratozoospermia were unavailable, microarray data revealed differential expression insix genes: three downregulated (BUB1, KLK4, PIWIL2) and three upregulated (AURKC, NPM2, RANBP2). These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of male infertility and could provide valuable insights for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

• MeSH
• body zlomu chromozomu MeSH
• chromozomální aberace MeSH
• cytogenetické vyšetření MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužská infertilita * genetika   MeSH
• translokace genetická * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a global issue and a major health challenge that requires continuous studies on how this resistance develops and spreads, and its relationship to resistance to other factors such as heavy metals and biocides. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of antibiotics, heavy metals, and biocides-resistant genes on the chromosomes and plasmids of some Enterobacteria species. The results showed that antibiotics resistant genes (blaCTX, sul 1) were present in all isolates except for Klebsiella pneumoniae chromosome, while for heavy metals resistant genes, czcA detected in all isolates except for K. pneumoniae plasmid, ncc gene was only detected in the chromosome of Escherichia coli O157.H7 and E. coli, and plasmid of E. coli O157.H7. biocides gene (qacE∆1) was present in all isolates except for the E. faecalis chromosome. The current study resulted that the studied resistance genes spread clearly among the types of Enterobacteria, and this reflects the possibility of transmission of these genes among the bacteria present in this habitat.

• MeSH
• antibiotická rezistence genetika   MeSH
• dezinficiencia MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae * genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• genetické techniky přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• léková rezistence * genetika   MeSH
• plazmidy genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• těžké kovy MeSH
• Publikační typ
• klinická studie MeSH

Chromosomal rearrangements are often associated with playing a role in the speciation process. However, the underlying mechanism that favors the genetic isolation associated with chromosomal changes remains elusive. In this sense, the genus Mazama is recognized by its high level of karyotype diversity among species with similar morphology. A cryptic species complex has been identified within the genus, with the red brocket deer (Mazama americana and Mazama rufa) being the most impressive example. The chromosome variation was clustered in cytotypes with diploid numbers ranging from 42 to 53 and was correlated with geographical location. We conducted an analysis of chromosome evolution of the red brocket deer complex using comparative chromosome painting and Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) clones among different cytotypes. The aim was to deepen our understanding of the karyotypic relationships within the red brocket, thereby elucidating the significant chromosome variation among closely related species. This underscores the significance of chromosome changes as a key evolutionary process shaping their genomes. The results revealed the presence of three distinct cytogenetic lineages characterized by significant karyotypic divergence, suggesting the existence of efficient post-zygotic barriers. Tandem fusions constitute the main mechanism driving karyotype evolution, following a few centric fusions, inversion X-autosomal fusions. The BAC mapping has improved our comprehension of the karyotypic relationships within the red brocket deer complex, prompting questions regarding the role of these changes in the speciation process. We propose the red brocket as a model group to investigate how chromosomal changes contribute to isolation and explore the implications of these changes in taxonomy and conservation.

• MeSH
• karyotyp * MeSH
• karyotypizace * MeSH
• malování chromozomů MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• umělé bakteriální chromozomy genetika   MeSH
• vysoká zvěř * genetika   klasifikace   MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Maternal diabetes adversely affects fetal cardiovascular system development. Previous studies have reported that the fetuses of mothers with diabetes exhibit both structural and functional changes; nevertheless, prior studies have not examined the association between glucose control and fetal cardiac morphology and performance. Thus, the objective was to determine the association between fetal cardiac morphology and function and maternal glucose control in type 1 diabetes and to compare the differences in measured cardiac parameters between the fetuses of mothers with diabetes and healthy controls. METHODS: In this prospective, longitudinal case-control study - including 62 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 30 healthy pregnant women - fetal cardiac assessment using B-mode, M-mode, and spectral pulsed-wave Doppler was performed in the second and third trimesters. In women with T1DM, glycated hemoglobin and data obtained from glucose sensors - including the percentage of time in, below, and above the range (TIR, TBR, and TAR, respectively), and coefficient of variation (CV) - were analyzed across three time periods: the last menstrual period to 13 (V1), 14-22 (V2), and 23-32 weeks (V3) of gestation. Fetal cardiac indices were compared between groups, and the correlation between glucose control and fetal cardiac indices was assessed. RESULTS: At 28-32 weeks, the fetuses of women with T1DM exhibited increased left ventricular end-diastolic length, relative interventricular septum thickness, right ventricular cardiac output, and pulmonary valve peak systolic velocity compared with healthy controls. At 18-22 weeks, pulmonary and aortic valve diameters, left and right ventricular stroke volumes, and left cardiac output inversely correlated with the CV and glycated hemoglobin levels at V1 and V2. Furthermore, at 28-32 weeks, pulmonary and aortic valve diameters, left ventricular stroke volume, cardiac output, and right/left atrioventricular valve ratio inversely correlated with the TBR at V1, V2, and V3. Moreover, diastolic functional parameters correlated with the TAR and glycated hemoglobin levels, particularly after the first trimester. CONCLUSION: In women with T1DM, maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy correlates with fetal diastolic function, whereas glucose variability and hypoglycemia inversely correlate with fetal left ventricular systolic function in the second and third trimesters.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu * komplikace   MeSH
• dopplerovská echokardiografie MeSH
• fetální srdce diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• gestační diabetes * MeSH
• glykovaný hemoglobin MeSH
• hemodynamika MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• syndrom Nijmegen breakage * MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ultrasonografie prenatální MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Východiska: Mnohočetný myelom (MM) je heterogenní hematoonkologické onemocnění charakterizované klonální expanzí maligních plazmatických buněk v kostní dřeni. Onemocnění je doprovázeno různými klinickými projevy, jedná se o kostní léze, anemii, hyperkalcemii a renální insuficienci. Navzdory značnému pokroku v léčbě v posledních dvou dekádách však zůstává onemocněním těžko léčitelným a většina pacientů relabuje. Ačkoliv dosud nebyla objasněna jeho patogeneze, je zřejmé, že genomová nestabilita hraje klíčovou roli v jeho rozvoji či v rezistenci na léčbu. V některých případech je příčinou této nestability chromotripse, tedy druh komplexní genomové přestavby, která zahrnuje rozsáhlou fragmentaci a opětovné náhodné spojení chromozomů během jediné katastrofické události. Výsledné přestavby zahrnují různé strukturální změny vč. delecí, duplikací, inverzí a translokací, což vede k narušení genomu, konkrétně např. k alteraci nebo inaktivaci tumor supresorových genů (TP53 a CDKN2C), aktivaci onkogenů (MAF, FGFR3 a CCND1) nebo genů zapojených do klíčových buněčných procesů. Odhalení mechanizmů, které vedou k chromotripsi, nabízí možnosti identifikace kritických genů a drah, které se podílejí na patogenezi MM. Tyto poznatky mohou být podkladem pro zlepšení diagnostických přístupů. Cíl: Cílem přehledového článku je shrnout časté primární a sekundární chromozomové aberace u MM a kromě toho představit komplexní chromozomové aberace s důrazem na chromotripsi u MM.

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy characterized by clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. The disease is accompanied by various clinical manifestations, such as bone lesions, anemia, hypercalcemia, and renal insufficiency. However, despite significant advances in treatment over the last two decades, the disease remains challenging to treat, and most patients relapse. Although its pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated, it is clear that genomic instability plays a key role in its development or resistance to treatment. In some instances, the cause of this instability is chromothripsis, a form of complex genomic rearrangement that involves shattering and subsequent haphazard reassembly of chromosomes within a single catastrophic event. The resulting rearrangements involve a variety of structural changes, including deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, that lead to genome disruption. Specifically, these changes may result in alteration or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TP53 and CDKN2C), activation of oncogenes (MAF, FGFR3, and CCND1) or genes involved in key cellular processes. Unraveling the mechanisms that result in chromothripsis provides opportunities to identify critical genes and pathways involved in MM pathogenesis. These findings may serve as a basis for improved diagnostic approaches. Purpose: The goal of this review is to summarize the common primary and secondary chromosomal aberrations in MM with a particular focus on introducing complex chromosomal aberrations, especially chromothripsis in MM.

• MeSH
• chromothripsis MeSH
• chromozomální aberace klasifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mnohočetný myelom * diagnóza   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• molekulární medicína metody   MeSH
• molekulární patologie * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Non-invasive prenatal tests for the detection of fetal aneuploidies are predominantly based on the analysis of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from the plasma of pregnant women by next-generation sequencing. The development of alternative tests for routine genetic laboratories is therefore desirable. Multiplex digital droplet PCR was used to detect 16 amplicons from chromosome 21 and 16 amplicons from chromosome 18 as the reference. Two fluorescently labeled lock nucleic acid probes were used for the detection of reaction products. The required accuracy was achieved by examining 12 chips from each patient using Stilla technology. The plasma cfDNA of 26 pregnant women with euploid pregnancies and 16 plasma samples from pregnancies with trisomy 21 were analyzed to determine the cutoff value for sample classification. The test was validated in a blind study on 30 plasma samples from pregnant patients with a risk for trisomy 21 ranging from 1:4 to 1:801. The results were in complete agreement with the results of the invasive diagnostic procedure (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 100%). Low cost, and speed of analysis make it a potential screening method for implementation into the clinical workflow to support the combined biochemical and ultrasound results indicating a high risk for trisomy 21.

• MeSH
• aneuploidie MeSH
• Downův syndrom * diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• prenatální diagnóza metody   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• trizomie MeSH
• volné cirkulující nukleové kyseliny * genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Human chromosome inversions are types of balanced structural variations, making them difficult to analyze. Thanks to PEM (paired-end sequencing and mapping), there has been tremendous progress in studying inversions. Inversions play an important role as an evolutionary factor, contributing to the formation of gonosomes, speciation of chimpanzees and humans, and inv17q21.3 or inv8p23.1 exhibit the features of natural selection. Both inversions have been related to pathogenic phenotype by directly affecting a gene structure (e.g., inv5p15.1q14.1), regulating gene expression (e.g., inv7q21.3q35) and by predisposing to other secondary arrangements (e.g., inv7q11.23). A polymorphism of human inversions is documented by the InvFEST database (a database that stores information about clinical predictions, validations, frequency of inversions, etc.), but only a small fraction of these inversions is validated, and a detailed analysis is complicated by the frequent location of breakpoints within regions of repetitive sequences.

• MeSH
• chromozomální inverze genetika   MeSH
• chromozomy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské chromozomy MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický * MeSH
• repetitivní sekvence nukleových kyselin MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The classical hypothesis proposes that the lack of recombination on sex chromosomes arises due to selection for linkage between a sex-determining locus and sexually antagonistic loci, primarily facilitated by inversions. However, cessation of recombination on sex chromosomes could be attributed also to neutral processes, connected with other chromosome rearrangements or can reflect sex-specific recombination patterns existing already before sex chromosome differentiation. Three Coleonyx gecko species share a complex X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y system of sex chromosomes evolved via a fusion of the Y chromosome with an autosome. We analyzed synaptonemal complexes and sequenced flow-sorted sex chromosomes to investigate the effect of chromosomal rearrangement on recombination and differentiation of these sex chromosomes. The gecko sex chromosomes evolved from syntenic regions that were also co-opted also for sex chromosomes in other reptiles. We showed that in male geckos, recombination is less prevalent in the proximal regions of chromosomes and is even further drastically reduced around the centromere of the neo-Y chromosome. We highlight that pre-existing recombination patterns and Robertsonian fusions can be responsible for the cessation of recombination on sex chromosomes and that such processes can be largely neutral.

• MeSH
• chromozom Y genetika   MeSH
• ještěři * genetika   MeSH
• pohlavní chromozomy genetika   MeSH
• pohyb buněk MeSH
• rekombinace genetická MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH