BACKGROUND: Local dynamic stability (LDS) has become accepted as a gait stability indicator. The deterioration of gait stability is magnified in older adults. RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the current state in the field regarding rthe relationship between LDS and cognitive and/or physical function in older adults? METHODS: A scoping review design was used to search for peer-reviewed literature or conference proceedings published through May 2023 for an association between LDS and cognitive (e.g., Montreal Cognitive Assessment) or physical performance (e.g., Timed Up & Go Test) in older adults. Only studies investigating gait stability via LDS during controlled walking, when dealing with a subject group consisting of healthy older adults, and quantifying LDS relationship to cognitive and/or physical measure were included. We analysed data from the studies in a descriptive manner. RESULTS: In total, 814 potentially relevant articles were selected, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria. We identified 37 LDS quantifiers employed in LDS-cognition and/or LDS-physical performance relationship assessment. Nine measures of cognitive and 20 measures of physical performance were analysed. Most studies estimated LDS quantities using triaxial acceleration data. However, there was a variance in sensor placement and signal direction. Out of the 56 studied relationships of LDS to physical performance measures, sixteen were found to be relevant. Out of 22 studied relationships between LDS and cognitive measures, only two were worthwhile. SIGNIFICANCE: Considering the heterogeneity of the utilized LDS (caused by different sensors locations, signals, and signal directions as well as variety of computational approaches to estimate LDS) and cognitive/physical measures, the results of this scoping review does not indicate a current need for a systematic review with meta-analysis. To assess the overall utility of LDS to reveal a relationship between LDS to cognitive and physical performance measures, an analysis of other subject groups would be appropriate.

• MeSH
• chůze (způsob) * MeSH
• chůze * MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tělesná a funkční výkonnost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

Cieľ: Popísanie metód hodnotenia u posturálnej stability a porovnanie niekoľkých typov balančných programov s kognitívnymi úlohami. Výsledky: Zistili sme, že existuje veľká variabilita balančných tréningov. Všetky typy sa navzájom líšia, vzhľadom k postupu, stratégii, vo frekvencii trénovania, v progresivite a používaní rôznych balančných pomôcok a podobne. V súčasnej dobe sa zdôrazňuje dôležitosť aplikácie tzv. dvojitých–kognitívnych úloh v rámci rôznych druhov balančných tréningov. Záver: Nebola však dostatočne sledovaná a potvrdená implementácia účinkov kognitívno–pohybových tréningov do lepšieho zvládania aktivít každodenného života a kvality života u seniorov.

Objective: Description of evaluation methods in postural stability, and comparison of several types of balance training programs with cognitive tasks. Results: We have found that there are many kinds of balance trainings. All these kinds differ from each other due to the process, strategy, training frequency, in progressivity and the use of various balance aids and the like. Currently, the importance of application of so-called cognitive dual tasks combined with different kinds of physical training is being stressed. Conclusion: However, the transfer of the effect of this kind of training in the performance of daily activities and life quality in seniors has not been sufficiently long monitored and confirmed.

• Klíčová slova
• balanční pomůcky, balanční trénink,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• omezení pohyblivosti MeSH
• posturální rovnováha * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• techniky cvičení a pohybu * metody   využití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH

V rehabilitaci kognitivního deficitu u schizofrenie se využívají počítačové programy. Pomocí repetitivní transkraniální magnetické stimulace (rTMS) lze přímo ovlivnit kortikální excitabilitu a metabolizmus v prefrontálních oblastech, možným důsledkem je ovlivnění kognitivních funkcí. Cílem naší studie bylo zkoumat možnosti augmentace účinku rehabilitace kognitivního deficitu u schizofreni e pomocí rTMS. Do studie byli zařazeni nemocní s diagnózou schizofrenie podle DSM-IV, ve stabilizované fázi onemocnění léčení antipsychotiky 2. generace, s výjimkou clozapinu. Celkový soubor tvořilo 34 pacientů . Studie rTMS byla dvojitě slepá, randomizovaná , se dvěmi paralelními skupinami. Všichni pacienti absolvovali osmitýdenní trénink kognitivních funkcí pomocí počítačového programu, v průběhu prvních 2 týdnů podstoupila skupina 1 (N = 8) aktivní stimulaci rTMS, druhá skupina (N = 8) neaktivní placebo stimulaci. Pacienti, kteří odmítli stimulaci, podstoupili pouze kognitivní rehabilitaci (N = 18). Data byla zpracována pro celý soubor a z vlášť pro jednotlivé skupiny. Výsledky prokázaly, že počítaèová rehabilitace signifikantně snižuje hloubku kognitivního deficitu u schizofrenie v mnoha doménách, především exekutivních funkcí: přesun pozornosti – flexibilita, kontrola pozornosti a pracovní paměť . Výkon byl rychlejší, přesnější a spolehlivìjší. Nepodaøilo potvrdit efekt stimulace rTMS na velikost této změny, ve velikosti zlepšení ne byl signifikantní rozdíl mezi aktivní stimulací a placebo stimulací. Možným vysvětlením je fakt, že skupina aktivně stimulovaných měla signifikantně nižší vstupní skóre v Ravenově testu nebo velikost studovaného souboru ve dvojitìě slepém sledování Studie potvrdila přínos prog ramu počítačové rehabilitace ve zmírnění deficitu kognitivních funkcí u schizofrenie.

Computer programs are used in rehabilitation of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulatio n (rTMS) can directly affect cortical excitability and metabolism of prefrontal lobe and subsequently influence cognition. The ob jective of our study was to investigate augmentation of cognitive rehabilitation in schizophrenia with rTMS. Study subjects were stabil ized patients with DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, treated with second-generation antipsychotics, except for clozapine. The total number of subjects was 34. Study with rTMS was double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, with 2 parallel arms. All subjects partic ipated in eight-week computer-assisted cognitive training, during first 2 weeks Group 1 (N = 8) received rTMS and Group 2 (N = 8) inactiv e sham stimulation. Patients who refused stimulation participated in cognitive rehabilitation program only (N = 18). Data were assesse d for the total study sample and for each group separately. The results showed that computer-assisted cognitive training significantly im proved severity of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia in several domains, especially executive functions: attention shift – flexibilit y, attention control, and working memory. The output was faster, more precise, and more reliable. We did not detect effect of rTMS on the ch ange of cognition, there was no significant difference between active and sham stimulation. This finding can be explained by a signi ficantly lower initial score in Raven test found in actively stimulated group or by a smaller sample size in the double-blind study. The study confirmed efficacy of computer-assisted rehabilitation in remediation of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia.

• MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy rehabilitace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetismus normy   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• schizofrenie farmakoterapie   komplikace   MeSH
• software MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

Narušení kognitivních funkcí patří mezi základní projevy onemocnění schizofrenií. Jedná se o jádrový příznak, který vykazuje vysokou stabilitu v čase a má významnou souvislost s psychosociálním fungováním a kvalitou života nemocných. Intervence jsou proto cíleny na zlepšení úrovně kognitivního fungování, například formou kognitivní remediace. Současný výzkum se zaměřuje na identifikaci účinných faktorů remediace a jejich standardizované měření, jakož i sledování těchto efektů v čase. Americký národní ústav pro výzkum měření a léčení za účelem zlepšení kognice u schizofrenie (NIMH-MATRICS: Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia) podnítil iniciativu zvanou MATRICS. Výsledkem činnosti iniciativy MATRICS byl vznik konsorcia MATRICS, které ve snaze sjednotit výzkumné snahy vytvořilo Standardní baterii pro vyšetření kognitivních funkcí u schizofrenie (MCBB: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery). Testový materiál MCBB dosud nebyl kompletně převeden do češtiny. Náš článek zahrnuje detailní přehled všech testů zahrnutých do baterie MCBB, hodnotí stav jejich použitelnosti v české verzi, dále popisuje vývoj pilotní studie MCBB, která zahrnuje překlad, zpětný překlad administrace, skórování a vyhodnocení všech testů. Její význam spočívá především ve frekvenční studii pro Hopkinsův verbální test učení (HVLT-R) a konstrukci české verze HVLT-R-Cz včetně paralelních verzí pro opakovaná vyšetření. HVLT-R je efektivní nástroj pro opakované vyšetření verbální paměti a sledování vývoje paměťového deficitu v čase. HVLT-R dosud nebyl k dispozici v češtině, což znemožňovalo přesnou replikaci celé baterie MCBB. Zpřístupnění české verze MCBB tak umožňuje použít tento nástroj v klinické i výzkumné praxi pro stanovení míry kognitivního deficitu, vývoj a sledování kognice v čase a v neposlední řadě pro interpretaci efektivity remediace a jako standardní mezinárodně srovnatelné měřítko pro klinický výzkum schizofrenie.

Cognitive deficits are considered to be core features of schizophrenia. These deficits are present before the onset of clinical symptoms and could be detected also in patients who are in clinically remitted state. Cognitive worsening may have a significant influence on their psy-chosocial functioning and quality of live. The aim of treatment interventions is to improve the level of cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia, e.g. by cognitive remediation. The current research strives to identify the most efficient factors of remediation. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) initiative called Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) was designed to stimulate the development of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Even though MCBB quickly gained popularity throughout the world, the test material for the Czech adaptation of the MCBB has so far not been completely available. Our pilot study provides MATRICS Initiative officially approved adaptation of administration, scoring and interpretation of all tests in the battery. Moreover, we performed a pilot study of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised and were able to construct empirically derived Czech version (HVLT-R-Cz) based on a verbal frequency study. The test is for the first time available in Czech. One of the principal postulates of the MCBB is the suitability of tests for repeated measurements. This was the reason for the construction of the HVLT-R-Cz parallel version. MCBB in its original and concurrently adapted Czech version opens new horizons for the usage of the MCBB in the Czech Republic. MCBB Czech version can be used in schizophrenia research and also in clinical practice for standardized estimation of the cognitive deficits, its evolution over time and evaluation of the efficacy of cognitive remediation.

• MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy * diagnóza   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * normy   MeSH
• schizofrenie (psychologie) MeSH
• schizofrenie * diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Cílem práce bylo porovnat profil a časovou stabilitu jednotlivých parametrů kognitivních funkcí v průběhu jednoho roku od počátku schizofrenie v závislosti na průběhu onemocnění. Do studie bylo zařazeno 27 pacientů s první epizodou schizofrenie. Kritéria remise při hodnocení klinického stavu po roce od první epizody schizofrenie splnilo 22 pacientů (81 %), zbývajících 5 pacientů (19 %) tato kritéria nesplňovalo (tzv. "neremitéři"). Z našich výsledků vyplývá, že remitéři mají potenciál ke zlepšování kognitivního deficitu minimálně v průběhu jednoho roku po prodělání první epizody onemocnění, a to zejména v oblastech exekutivních a paměťových funkcí. U skupiny neremitérů nebylo naopak pozorováno zlepšování kognitivních funkcí v průběhu roku. Během první epizody schizofrenie se úroveň kognitivních funkcí nelišila mezi pozdějšími remitéry a neremitéry. Po roce od první epizody schizofrenie měli neremitéři delší auditivní reakční čas, jinak statisticky významné rozdíly mezi remitéry a neremitéry nebyly nalezeny. Lze shrnout, že kognitivní deficit v průběhu jednoho roku od první epizody schizofrenie má tendenci ke zmírňování, a to s větší mírou u remitérů. Rozdíly v kognitivním výkonu mezi remitéry a neremitéry nejsou však v časném období schizofrenie výrazné.

The goal of the study was to compare the profile and stability over time of individual parameters of cognitive functions during the period of one year from the onset of schizophrenia depending on the course of the illness. The study included 27 patients with the first episode of schizophrenia. The criteria for remission were met by 22 patients (81%) when their clinical status was assessed one year after the first episode of schizophrenia; the remaining 5 patients were evaluated as non-remitters (19%). Our results show that remitters have a potential for cognitive deficit improvement for at least one year after their first episode of the illness, especially as to executive and memory functions. On the other hand, the group of non-remitters was not found to improve in terms of cognitive function during the year. The level of cognitive functions during the first episode of schizophrenia did not differ between later remitters and non-remitters. One year after the first episode of schizophrenia non-remitters had worse auditory reaction times; no other significant differences between remitters and non-remitters were found. It may be summed up that cognitive deficit showed a trend to improvement for one year after the first episode of schizophrenia, the tendency being more prominent in remitters. The differences between cognitive performance between remitters and non-remitters are, however, not very prominent in the early stage of schizophrenia.

• MeSH
• antipsychotika aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy diagnóza   klasifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• risperidon terapeutické užití   MeSH
• schizofrenie komplikace   MeSH
• spontánní remise MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Circadian rhythms are highly important not only for the synchronization of animals and humans with their periodic environment but also for their fitness. Accordingly, the disruption of the circadian system may have adverse consequences. A certain number of animals in our breeding stock of Djungarian hamsters are episodically active throughout the day. Also body temperature and melatonin lack 24-h rhythms. Obviously in these animals, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) as the central pacemaker do not generate a circadian signal. Moreover, these so-called arrhythmic (AR) hamsters have cognitive deficits. Since motor activity is believed to stabilize circadian rhythms, we investigated the effect of voluntary wheel running. Hamsters were bred and kept under standardized housing conditions with food and water ad libitum and a 14 L/10 D lighting regimen. AR animals were selected according to their activity pattern obtained by means of passive infrared motion detectors. In a first step, the daily activity behavior was investigated for 3 weeks each without and with running wheels. To estimate putative photic masking effects, hamsters were exposed to light (LPs) and DPs and also released into constant darkness for a minimum of 3 weeks. A novel object recognition (NOR) test was performed to evaluate cognitive abilities both before and after 3 weeks of wheel availability. The activity patterns of hamsters with low wheel activity were still AR. With more intense running, daily patterns with higher values in the dark time were obtained. Obviously, this was due to masking as LPs did suppress and DPs induced motor activity. When transferred to constant darkness, in some animals the daily rhythm disappeared. In other hamsters, namely those which used the wheels most actively, the rhythm was preserved and free-ran, what can be taken as indication of a reconstitution of circadian rhythmicity. Also, animals showing a 24-h activity pattern after 3 weeks of extensive wheel running were able to recognize the novel object in the NOR test but not so before. The results show that voluntary exercise may reestablish circadian rhythmicity and improve cognitive performance.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat * MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus * MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• křečci praví MeSH
• nucleus suprachiasmaticus fyziologie   MeSH
• paměť MeSH
• Phodopus MeSH
• pohybová aktivita * MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• křečci praví MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Caffeine (CAF) ingestion improves performance in a broad range of exercise tasks. Nevertheless, the CAF-induced, dose-dependent effect on discipline-specific performance and cognitive functions in CrossFit/High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute supplementation of three different doses of CAF and placebo (PLA) on specific performance, reaction time (RTime), postural stability (PStab), heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (RPE). METHODS: In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, acute pre-exercise supplementation with CAF (3, 6, or 9 mg/kg body mass (BM)) and PLA in 26 moderately trained CrossFit practitioners was examined. The study protocol involved five separate testing sessions using the Fight Gone Bad test (FGB) as the exercise performance evaluation and biochemical analyses, HR and RPE monitoring, as well as the assessment of RTime and PStab, with regard to CYP1A2 (rs762551) and ADORA2A (rs5751876) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). RESULTS: Supplementation of 6 mgCAF/kgBM induced clinically noticeable improvements in FGBTotal results, RTime and pre-exercise motor time. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between any CAF doses and PLA in FGBTotal, HRmax, HRmean, RPE, pre/post-exercise RTime, PStab variables or pyruvate concentrations. Lactate concentration was higher (p < 0.05) before and after exercise in all CAF doses than in PLA. There was no effect of CYP1A2 or ADORA2A SNPs on performance. CONCLUSIONS: The dose-dependent effect of CAF supplementation appears to be limited to statistically nonsignificant but clinically considered changes on specific performance, RTime, PStab, RPE or HR. However, regarding practical CAF-induced performance implications in CrossFit/HIFT, 6 mgCAF/kgBM may be supposed as the most rational supplementation strategy.

• MeSH
• cytochrom P-450 CYP1A2 MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• klinické křížové studie MeSH
• kofein * farmakologie   MeSH
• kyselina mléčná MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polyestery MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• reakční čas MeSH
• sportovní výkon * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

Some people aged 80 years and older are "memory SuperAgers" (SAs), that is, they have the episodic memory of a sexagenarian. In a sample of 208 non-demented adults, we found that 12% were SAs. A total of 101 participants completed the 4-year study; of this subsample, 10.9% were stable SAs and 61.3% stable non-SAs across all assessments. The SA phenotype is conducive to further research.

• MeSH
• epizodická paměť * MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• stárnutí * MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Aim. Provide an overview of how bipolar disorder affects cognitive function in patients. Methods. MEDLINE and PsycInfo data bases were searched for articles indexed by the combinations of MESH term or key word "bipolar disorder" with the following terms: "cognition", "memory", "neuropsychology", "neuropsychological tests", "lithium", "anticonvulsants", "antipsychotics", and "schizophrenia". Constraints limiting time period of publications or their language were not applied. Reference lists of publications identified by these procedures were hand-searched for additional relevant citations. Results. There is evidence of stable and lasting cognitive impairment in all phases of bipolar disorder, including the remission phase, particularly in the following domains: sustained attention, memory and executive functions. But research on the cognitive functions has yielded inconsistent results over recent years. There is a growing need for clarification regarding the magnitude, clinical relevance and confounding variables of cognitive impairment in bipolar patients. The impact of bipolar illness on cognition can be influenced by age of onset, pharmacological treatments, individual response, familial risk factors, and clinical features. In addition to the mood state, cognitive performance in bipolar patients is influenced by seasonality. Conclusion. Previous optimistic assumptions about the prognosis of bipolar disorder were based on the success of the control of mood symptoms by pharmacotherapy. However, it is now clear that the "remitted" euthymic bipolar patients have distinct impairments of executive function, verbal memory, psychomotor speed, and sustained attention. Mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics may reduce cognitive deficits in certain domains and may have a positive effect on quality of life and social functioning.

• MeSH
• bipolární porucha farmakoterapie   komplikace   psychologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• kognice účinky léků   MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy komplikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Background: Falls risk becomes more common with age and is associated with higher rates of disability, mortality, and healthcare costs. Exergames have shown to elicit improvements in prefrontal cortex activity, balance, and postural control of seniors, all of which are associated with fall risk, but it is unknown whether virtual reality (VR) exergames, played using a three-dimensional headset can enhance the effects of cognitive and physiological functioning. Objective: Evaluation of the effects of a co-produced VR exergame "Falling diamonds" on physical performance, trunk stability and cognition, three attributes linked to falls risk in seniors. Methods: A total of 44 physically active participants aged 60-85 years were randomized to either the immersive VR exergame (n = 14), non-immersive exergame (n = 15), or control (n = 15). Static balance, leg strength, and gait speed were measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery, trunk stability was assessed using the Prone test and cognition was evaluated by the RehaCom screening software at baseline and follow-up at 9 weeks. Results: The VR exergame group experienced greater improvements in the cognition measures of selective attention control and speed (p = .009, p = .033) more than the exergame group (p = .010) and control (p = .049, p = .004). Conclusions: The evaluation and delivery methods of VR exergame Falling diamonds are feasible, and trial measures, procedures, and intervention are deemed acceptable by participants. Our findings indicate that using a VR exergame to exercise could improve cognition in seniors.

• MeSH
• exergaming * MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posturální rovnováha MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie proveditelnosti MeSH
• úrazy pádem prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• hodnotící studie MeSH