We examined the phylogeography and the variation of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) of the Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis (Cobbold, 1875) in two geographic localities in the Russian southern Far East and compared them with those from different geographical regions (China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam). The Russian samples differed from those of the other regions in haplotype frequencies, haplotype and nucleotide diversities, and AT/GC ratios. Only 4 of the 18 haplotypes were common to Russian and Chinese samples, and two haplotypes were common to Russia and other regions. The intraspecific genetic distances ranged from 0 to 1.58% for the entire dataset studied and from 0 to 1.25% among the samples from Russia. Phylogenetic trees revealed no significant genealogical clades of samples corresponding to sampling localities and no strong isolation by distance was estimated with Mantel test. Neutrality test analysis suggested a relatively recent population expansion for C. sinensis, whereas goodness-of-fit tests indicated deviation from the strict model of uniform expansion. Therefore, the sequences of the mtDNA cox1 gene provide useful genetic markers for evaluating intraspecific diversity and generating phylogeographic reconstructions for this fish-borne trematode.

• MeSH
• Clonorchis sinensis klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeografie MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• klonorchióza parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• mitochondrie genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nemoci ryb parazitologie   MeSH
• respirační komplex IV genetika   MeSH
• ryby MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Asie MeSH
• Rusko MeSH

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) fuels cellular ATP demands. OXPHOS defects lead to severe human disorders with unexplained tissue specific pathologies. Mitochondrial gene expression is essential for OXPHOS biogenesis since core subunits of the complexes are mitochondrial-encoded. COX14 is required for translation of COX1, the central mitochondrial-encoded subunit of complex IV. Here we describe a COX14 mutant mouse corresponding to a patient with complex IV deficiency. COX14M19I mice display broad tissue-specific pathologies. A hallmark phenotype is severe liver inflammation linked to release of mitochondrial RNA into the cytosol sensed by RIG-1 pathway. We find that mitochondrial RNA release is triggered by increased reactive oxygen species production in the deficiency of complex IV. Additionally, we describe a COA3Y72C mouse, affected in an assembly factor that cooperates with COX14 in early COX1 biogenesis, which displays a similar yet milder inflammatory phenotype. Our study provides insight into a link between defective mitochondrial gene expression and tissue-specific inflammation.

• MeSH
• cyklooxygenasa 1 * MeSH
• DEAD box protein 58 MeSH
• DEAD-box RNA-helikasy metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• játra * metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové proteiny MeSH
• mitochondriální proteiny metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• mitochondrie metabolismus   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• oxidativní fosforylace * MeSH
• proteosyntéza MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku * metabolismus   MeSH
• respirační komplex IV * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• RNA mitochondriální genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zánět * metabolismus   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Úkolem této studie je porozumění změn v genové expresi na buněčné úrovni v souvislosti se zablokováním exprese COX1 resp. COX2 pomocí RNA interference (RNAi). Pomocí RNAi, syntetických siRNA nebo shRNA exprimujících plasmidů či retrovirů, budou vytvořenybuněčné linie se zablokovanou expresí COX1 resp. COX2. Profil genové exprese bude určen pomocí DNA mikročipů srovnáním s mateřskou linií a ověřením pomocí real-time PCR. Na základě prvních výsledků bude sestaven experimentální jednoúčelový DNA mikročipobsahující vybrané geny. Na základě výsledků bude posouzena fyziologická funkce COX1 a COX2 v souvislosti s absencí jedné z izoforem.; The aim of this study is to better understand the cellular gene expression changes upon the RNA interference (RNAi) mediated down-regulation of COX1 resp. COX2 gene expression. The corresponding cell-lines with COX1 resp. COX2 gene expression down regulated will be constructed via RNAi, the synthetic siRNA or plasmid or retrovirus mediated shRNA expression, respectively. The gene expression profile will be determined by DNA microarrays comparing the gene expression with parental cell-line. Based on theresults, experimental, single-purpose DNA microarray containing selected genes will be constructed. Altered physiological function of COX1 resp. COX2 in the absence of one of the isoforms will be discussed.

• MeSH
• cyklooxygenasa 1 fyziologie   MeSH
• cyklooxygenasa 2 fyziologie   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• inhibitory cyklooxygenasy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• malá interferující RNA MeSH
• mikročipové analytické postupy MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• RNA interference MeSH
• zánět MeSH

• Konspekt
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NLK Obory
• biologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu IGA MZ ČR

Metacercariae of two species of Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 (Digenea: Diplostomidae) were subjected to morphological and molecular studies: P. brevicaudatum (von Nordmann, 1832) from Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.) (Gasterosteiformes: Gasterosteidae), Bulgaria (morphology, cox1 and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and Perca fluviatilis L. (Perciformes: Percidae), Czech Republic (morphology, cox1, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S); and P. centrarchi Hoffman, 1958 from Lepomis gibbosus (L.) (Perciformes: Centrarchidae), Bulgaria (morphology, cox1 and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and Slovakia (cox1 and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). In addition, cercariae of P. cuticola (von Nordmann, 1832) from Planorbis planorbis (L.) (Mollusca: Planorbidae), Lithuania (morphology and cox1) and metacercariae of Ornithodiplostomum scardinii (Schulman in Dubinin, 1952) from Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), Czech Republic, were examined (morphology, cox1, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S). These represent the first molecular data for species of Posthodiplostomum and Ornithodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 from the Palaearctic. Phylogenetic analyses based on cox1 and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, using O. scardinii as the outgroup and including the three newly-sequenced Posthodiplostomum spp. from Europe and eight published unidentified (presumably species-level) lineages of Posthodiplostomum from Canada confirmed the distinct status of the three European species (contrary to the generally accepted opinion that only P. brevicaudatum and P. cuticola occur in the Palaearctic). The subspecies Posthodiplostomum minimum centrarchi Hoffmann, 1958, originally described from North America, is elevated to the species level as Posthodiplostomum centrarchi Hoffman, 1958. The undescribed "Posthodiplostomum sp. 3" of Locke et al. (2010) from centrarchid fishes in Canada has identical sequences with the European isolates of P. centrarchi and is recognised as belonging to the same species. The latter parasite, occurring in the alien pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus in Europe, is also supposed to be alien for this continent. It is speculated that it colonised Europe long ago and is currently widespread (recorded in Bulgaria, Slovakia and Spain); based on the cox1 sequence of an adult digenean isolate from the Ebro Delta, Spain, only the grey heron (Ardea cinerea L.) (Ciconiiformes: Ardeidae) is known to be its definitive host in Europe.

• MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• Perciformes parazitologie   MeSH
• respirační komplex IV genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• Smegmamorpha parazitologie   MeSH
• Trematoda anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

The genus Brachylecithum was for the first time subject to molecular taxonomic phylogenetic analysis in order to ascertain relationships among its component taxa. We used two markers-the nuclear ribosomal 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene and the mitochondrial cox1 gene, for six species of the genus; 11 sequences of partial 28S rDNA and partial cox1 were obtained from adult B. capilliformis, B. glareoli, B. kakea, B. laniicola, B. lobatum, and B. strigis, and from larval stages obtained from snails of the genus Cepaea. We propose to synonymize B. strigis with B. lobatum, while the genetic differences in the 28S rDNA gene and mitochondrial cox1 gene confirm the species status of B. capilliformis and indicate a distinct group within Brachylecithum, including B. kakea and B. laniicola. Cercarial and metacercarial isolates from the snails showed 100 % similarity to B. lobatum; thus, it is the first record of Cepaea snails as intermediate hosts of this species and the first report on life cycle abbreviation within the Dicrocoeliidae.

• MeSH
• cerkárie MeSH
• Dicrocoeliidae genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hlemýždi parazitologie   MeSH
• hostitelská specificita MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• mitochondriální geny MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• stadia vývoje MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We believe this study is the first attempt to address molecular prospecting for species diversity of Diplostomum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in Europe. A database linking sequences from the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mitochondrial gene and from the internal transcribed spacer cluster (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of the rRNA gene was generated for larval and adult parasites of snails, fish and gulls from central Europe. Analyses of the novel cox1 dataset revealed the presence of six genetically distinct Diplostomum lineages in the snail and fish populations studied in the River Ruhr drainage (Germany). ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences from a representative subset of isolates supported the delineation detected by cox1. Molecular elucidation of the life-cycles of Diplostomum spathaceum and Diplostomum pseudospathaceum in central Europe was achieved by matching multiple sequences for isolates from natural infections in snails, fish and birds identified on the basis of the morphology of all life-cycle stages. Comparative analyses restricted to the ITS1 rDNA region and incorporating sequences for six European and seven North American Diplostomum spp. retrieved from GenBank, corroborated the results of the molecular prospecting based on the cox1 dataset. Taken together, these analyses depicted 20 molecularly characterised species and lineages of Diplostomum including three complexes of genetically distinct lineages i.e. 'Diplostomum mergi', 'Diplostomum baeri' and 'Diplostomum huronense', that require further appraisal with the application of molecular, morphological and experimental approaches. Two of the species and 10 of the lineages (arguably species) delineated in the datasets studied originate from central and northern Europe thus indicating a substantial unrecognized genetic diversity inferred from molecular evidence on Diplostomum spp. in Europe.

• MeSH
• cyklooxygenasa 1 genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• stadia vývoje MeSH
• Trematoda klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH

The biogenesis of eukaryotic COX (cytochrome c oxidase) requires several accessory proteins in addition to structural subunits and prosthetic groups. We have analysed the assembly state of COX and SCO2 protein levels in various tissues of six patients with mutations in SCO2 and SURF1. SCO2 is a copper-binding protein presumably involved in formation of the Cu(A) centre of the COX2 subunit. The function of SURF1 is unknown. Immunoblot analysis of native gels demonstrated that COX holoenzyme is reduced to 10-20% in skeletal muscle and brain of SCO2 and SURF1 patients and to 10-30% in heart of SCO2 patients, whereas liver of SCO2 patients' contained normal holoenzyme levels. The steady-state levels of mutant SCO2 protein ranged from 0 to 20% in different SCO2 patient tissues. In addition, eight distinct COX subcomplexes and unassembled subunits were found, some of them identical with known assembly intermediates of the human enzyme. Heart, brain and skeletal muscle of SCO2 patients contained accumulated levels of the COX1.COX4.COX5A subcomplex, three COX1-containing subcomplexes, a COX4.COX5A subcomplex and two subcomplexes composed of only COX4 or COX5A. The accumulation of COX1.COX4.COX5A subcomplex, along with the virtual absence of free COX2, suggests that the lack of the Cu(A) centre may result in decreased stability of COX2. The appearance of COX4.COX5A subcomplex indicates that association of these nucleus-encoded subunits probably precedes their addition to COX1 during the assembly process. Finally, the consequences of SCO2 and SURF1 mutations suggest the existence of tissue-specific functional differences of these proteins that may serve different tissue-specific requirements for the regulation of COX biogenesis.

• MeSH
• fibroblasty enzymologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• játra enzymologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kosterní svaly enzymologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové proteiny MeSH
• mitochondriální proteiny MeSH
• mozek enzymologie   MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• myokard enzymologie   MeSH
• orgánová specificita MeSH
• podjednotky proteinů chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese enzymů MeSH
• respirační komplex IV biosyntéza   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• transportní proteiny MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH

BACKGROUND: Hookworms are important pathogens of humans. To date, Necator americanus is the sole, known species of the genus Necator infecting humans. In contrast, several Necator species have been described in African great apes and other primates. It has not yet been determined whether primate-originating Necator species are also parasitic in humans. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The infective larvae of Necator spp. were developed using modified Harada-Mori filter-paper cultures from faeces of humans and great apes inhabiting Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. The first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of mtDNA obtained from the hookworm larvae were sequenced and compared. Three sequence types (I-III) were recognized in the ITS region, and 34 cox1 haplotypes represented three phylogenetic groups (A-C). The combinations determined were I-A, II-B, II-C, III-B and III-C. Combination I-A, corresponding to N. americanus, was demonstrated in humans and western lowland gorillas; II-B and II-C were observed in humans, western lowland gorillas and chimpanzees; III-B and III-C were found only in humans. Pairwise nucleotide difference in the cox1 haplotypes between the groups was more than 8%, while the difference within each group was less than 2.1%. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The distinctness of ITS sequence variants and high number of pairwise nucleotide differences among cox1 variants indicate the possible presence of several species of Necator in both humans and great apes. We conclude that Necator hookworms are shared by humans and great apes co-habiting the same tropical forest ecosystems.

• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• Necator klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• nekatoriáza epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci primátů epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Pan troglodytes MeSH
• primáti MeSH
• respirační komplex IV genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sekvenční homologie MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• stromy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středoafrická republika MeSH

Six Dipetalonema species have been reported from Neotropical monkeys, Dipetalonema gracile, Dipetalonema graciliformis and Dipetalonema caudispina being the dominant species found in French Guiana primates. Adult filarioids isolated from the abdominal cavity of tamarins (Saguinus midas) in French Guiana were morphologically and molecularly identified as D. graciliformis. Phylogenetic analysis based on DNA and amino acid sequences of the cox1 gene as well as the concatenated sequences of the cox1 and the 18S genes indicated that D. graciliformis belongs to the clade 4 (ONC4) of Onchocercidae. Blast analysis of the 18S rDNA revealed that D. graciliformis in the studied tamarins is conspecific with the filarioid circulating in howler monkeys (Alouatta macconnelli) in French Guiana, previously referred to as unidentified Onchocercidae species.

• MeSH
• Dipetalonema anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• infekce hlísticemi rodu Dipetalonema epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci opic epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Saguinus parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Francouzská Guyana MeSH

Four respiratory complexes and ATP-synthase represent central functional units in mitochondria. In some mitochondria and derived anaerobic organelles, a few or all of these respiratory complexes have been lost during evolution. We show that the respiratory chain of Chromera velia, a phototrophic relative of parasitic apicomplexans, lacks complexes I and III, making it a uniquely reduced aerobic mitochondrion. In Chromera, putative lactate:cytochrome c oxidoreductases are predicted to transfer electrons from lactate to cytochrome c, rendering complex III unnecessary. The mitochondrial genome of Chromera has the smallest known protein-coding capacity of all mitochondria, encoding just cox1 and cox3 on heterogeneous linear molecules. In contrast, another photosynthetic relative of apicomplexans, Vitrella brassicaformis, retains the same set of genes as apicomplexans and dinoflagellates (cox1, cox3, and cob).

• MeSH
• Alveolata genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Apicomplexa genetika   MeSH
• cytochromy c metabolismus   MeSH
• fotosyntéza genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• genom mitochondriální MeSH
• kyselina mléčná metabolismus   MeSH
• mitochondriální protonové ATPasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• mitochondrie genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• paraziti genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• respirační komplex I genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transport elektronů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH