fracture toughness
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[On the problem of bone toughness in fracture healing]
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Crowns and Fixedpartials dentures experience a rapid shift toward ceramic materials, partially for their aesthetics. However, ceramics are susceptible to fracture, comparable to metal frameworks. Porcelains with the most desirable aesthetics tend also to have the lowest toughness. Conversely, tougher ceramics such as zirkonias are not generally aesthetic. Glass-ceramics are in the middle of the scale. Failures in dental ceramics may arise during fabrication in a laboratory. They can take the form of microstructural defects, often below visual contact. In the presented study there was a need to unglue abutment crown to correct colour. Coefficient of thermal expansion between glass-ceramic core and titanium base led to tensile stress and subsequent fracture of the crown. The new zirkonia-based ceramic crown was a material of choice, especially for its high flexural strength.
- MeSH
- implantace zubů MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mechanický stres MeSH
- premolár MeSH
- titan MeSH
- zirkonium MeSH
- zubní fazety MeSH
- zubní implantáty MeSH
- zubní korunky MeSH
- zubní materiály MeSH
- zubní náhrada ve spojení s implantáty * MeSH
- zubní náhrady - opravy * MeSH
- zubní porcelán MeSH
- zuby-sanace - selhání * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The adhesion tests utilized in dentistry are unable to separate the effects of adhesive composition, substrate properties, joint geometry and type of loading on the measured bond strength. This makes it difficult for the clinician to identify the most suitable adhesive for a given procedure and for the adhesive manufacturer to optimize its composition. Thus, an adhesion test protocol based on the fracture mechanics has been proposed to generate data for which separation of the effect of composition from that of the joint geometry on the shear (τ(a)) and tensile (σ(a)) bond strengths was possible for five commercial dental adhesives. METHODS: Planar 40×5×5 mm(3) sections of bovine femur were used as model adherends. The adhesive thickness (h) was varied from 15 to 500 μm. Commercial adhesives with fracture toughness (K(IC)) ranging from 0.3 to 1.6 MPa m(1/2) were used. Double lap joint (DLJ) and modified compact tension (MCT) specimens were conditioned for 24 h in 37 °C distilled water, then dried in a vacuum oven at 37 °C for 24 h prior to testing. The thickness dependence of σ(a) and τ(a) was measured at constant strain rate and analyzed using the interface corner stress intensity factor model. RESULTS: Both τ(a) and σ(a) increased with increasing adhesive thickness, exhibiting a maximum bond strength at the optimum thickness (h(opt)). For h
- MeSH
- femur metabolismus MeSH
- mechanické jevy MeSH
- pevnost v tahu MeSH
- skot MeSH
- testování materiálů metody MeSH
- zubní cementy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This work studies the feasibility of using repetitive-nano-impact tests with a cube-corner tip and low loads for obtaining quantitative fracture toughness values in thin and brittle coatings. For this purpose, it will be assumed that the impacts are able to produce a cracking, similar to the pattern developed for the classical fracture toughness tests in bulk materials, and therefore, from the crack developed in the repetitive impacts it will be possible to evaluate the suitability of the classical indentation models (Anstins and Laugier) for measuring fracture toughness. However, the length of this crack has to be lower than 10% of the total coating thickness to avoid substrate contributions. For this reason, and in order to ensure a small plastic region localized at the origin of the crack tip, low load values (or small distance between the indenter tip and the surface) have to be used. In order to demonstrate the validity of this technique, repetitive-nano-impact will be done in a fine and dense oxide layer (α-Al2O3), which has been developed on the top of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) FeCrAl alloys (PM 2000) by thermal oxidation at elevated temperatures. Moreover, it will be shown how it is possible to know with each new impact the crack geometry evolution from Palmqvist crack to half-penny crack, being able to study the proper evolution of the different values of fracture toughness in terms of both indentation models and as a function of the strain rate, ε̇, decreasing. Thereby, fracture toughness values for α-Al2O3 layer decrease from ~4.40MPam , for high ϵ̇ value (10(3)s(-1)), to ~3.21MPam, for quasi-static ϵ̇ value (10(-3)s(-1)). On the other hand, ϵ̇ a new process to obtain fracture toughness values will be analysed, when the classical indentation models are not met. These values are typically found in the literature for bulk α-Al2O3, demonstrating the use of repetitive-nano-impact tests which not only provide qualitative information about fracture resistance of the materials but it also can be used to obtain quantitative information as fracture toughness values in the case of brittle materials.
Blends of two biodegradable polymers, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL), with strong synergistic improvement in mechanical performance were prepared by melt-mixing using the optimized composition (80/20) and the optimized preparation procedure (a melt-mixing followed by a compression molding) according to our previous study. Three different PLA polymers were employed, whose viscosity decreased in the following order: PLC ≈ PLA1 > PLA2 > PLA3. The blends with the highest viscosity matrix (PLA1/PCL) exhibited the smallest PCL particles (d∼0.6μm), an elastic-plastic stable fracture (as determined from instrumented impact testing) and the strongest synergistic improvement in toughness (>16× with respect to pure PLA, exceeding even the toughness of pure PCL). According to the available literature, this was the highest toughness improvement in non-compatiblized PLA/PCL blends ever achieved. The decrease in the matrix viscosity resulted in an increase in the average PCL particle size and a dramatic decrease in the overall toughness: the completely stable fracture (for PLA1/PCL) changed to the stable fracture followed by unstable crack propagation (for PLA2/PCL) and finally to the completely brittle fracture (for PLA3/PCL). The stiffness of all blends remained at well acceptable level, slightly above the theoretical predictions based on the equivalent box model. Despite several previous studies, the results confirmed that PLA and PCL could behave as compatible polymers, but the final PLA/PCL toughness is extremely sensitive to the PCL particle size distribution, which is influenced by both processing conditions and PLA viscosity. PLA/PCL blends with high stiffness (due to PLA) and toughness (due to PCL) are very promising materials for medical applications, namely for the bone tissue engineering.
- MeSH
- polyestery analýza MeSH
- polymery MeSH
- viskozita * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This aim of this study is to determine the elastoplastic properties of Ni-free Al3FeSi2 intermetallic coatings grown on medical stainless steel under different experimental conditions. Elastoplastic properties are defined by the plasticity index (PI), which correlates the hardness and the Young's modulus. Special emphasis is devoted to correlate the PI with the wear resistance under sliding contact, determined by scratch testing, and fracture toughness, determined by using a novel method based on successive impacts with small loads. With regard to the substrate, the developed coatings are harder and exhibit a lower Young's reduced modulus, irrespective of the experimental conditions. It has been shown that preheating of the samples prior to hot dipping and immersion influences the type and volume fraction of precipitates, which in turn also affect the nanomechanical properties. The higher the preheating temperature is, the greater the Young's reduced modulus is. For a given preheating condition, an increase of the immersion time yields a decrease in hardness. Although apparent friction coefficients of coated specimens are smaller than those obtained on AISI 316 LVM, they increase when using preheating or higher immersion times during processing, which correlates with the PI. The presence of precipitates produces an increase in fracture toughness, with values greater than those presented by samples processed on melted AlSi alloys with lower Si content (12 wt%). Therefore, these intermetallic coatings could be considered "hard but tough", suitable to enhance the wear resistance, especially when using short periods of immersion.
In practice, goose eggs are increasingly used and, therefore, the rheological properties have to be known for processing. The eggs of geese (Landes Goose, Anser anser f. domestica) were stored for one, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 wk at a constant temperature 4°C. First of all, the egg quality parameters were described in terms of egg weight, egg weight loss, egg shape index, yolk height, albumen height, yolk index, albumen index, and Haugh units. In the next step the rheological behavior of liquid egg products (egg yolk, albumen, and whole liquid egg) was studied using a concentric cylinder viscometer. Flow curves of all liquid egg products exhibited non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior. This behavior can be described using the Herschel-Bulkley model and for technical application using the Ostwald-de Waele model. The effect of the storage duration on the rheological behavior is different for the different liquid egg products. With the exception of very low shear rates, the viscosity of the egg yolk as well as of the whole liquid egg decreases with storage time. At lower shear rates there is a tendency toward increased albumen viscosity with storage duration. The storage duration also affects the mechanical properties of the eggshell membrane. This effect has been evaluated in terms of the ultimate tensile strength, fracture strain, and fracture toughness. All these parameters increased with the loading rate, but decreased during the egg storage. These mechanical phenomena should be respected, namely in the design of the egg model for the numerical simulation of the egg behavior under different kinds of the mechanical loading.
- MeSH
- husy * MeSH
- ovum fyziologie MeSH
- reologie MeSH
- skladování potravin * MeSH
- vaječná skořápka fyziologie MeSH
- viskozita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) is the border where two different mineralized structures - enamel and dentin - meet. The protein-rich DEJ, together with the inner enamel region of mature teeth, is known to exhibit higher fracture toughness and crack growth resistance than bulk phase enamel. However, an explanation for this behavior has been hampered by the lack of compositional information for the DEJ and the adjacent enamel organic matrix (EOM). We studied proteomes of the DEJ and EOM of healthy human molars and compared them with dentin and enamel proteomes from the same teeth. These tissues were cut out of tooth sections by laser capture microdissection, proteins were extracted and cleaved by trypsin, then processed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to analyze the proteome profiles of these tissues. This study identified 46 proteins in DEJ and EOM. The proteins identified have a variety of functions, including calcium ion-binding, formation of extracellular matrix, formation of cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal protein binding, cell adhesion, and transport. Collagens were identified as the most dominant proteins. Tissue-specific proteins, such as ameloblastin and amelogenin, were also detected. Our findings reveal new insight into proteomics of DEJ and EOM, highly mineralized tissues that are obviously difficult to analyze.
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- dentin * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrodisekce MeSH
- moláry * MeSH
- proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- proteom analýza MeSH
- proteomika metody MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- zubní sklovina * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Úvod a cíl: Fraktura nikl-titanových nástrojů v endodoncii je komplikace, se kterou se dříve nebo později v ordinaci setká většina stomatologů. Stojí za ní zejména dva základní mechanismy a těmi jsou překročení limitu cyklické únavy, překročení limitu torzní únavy a jejich vzájemná kombinace. Účelem tohoto článku je osvětlit mechanismus fraktury nikl-titanového endodontického nástroje na podkladě cyklické únavy, faktory ji ovlivňující a s tím spojenou problematiku laboratorního testování. Metodika: Vyhledávání literatury bylo provedeno pomocí PubMed (MEDLINE), ScienceDirect a databáze Wiley Online Library. K vyhledání literatury byla použita klíčová slova týkající se dané tematiky. Poté byla provedena selekce vhodných zdrojů. Mechanismus fraktury nástroje: Fraktura na podkladě cyklické únavy má tři základní fáze. Iniciace, což je časový úsek, kdy dochází k morfologickým změnám zejména na povrchu a těsně pod povrchem nástroje do vzniku primární praskliny. Poté dochází k jejímu postupnému růstu za vzniku charakteristických pruhů. Jakmile dojde k překročení limitu lomové houževnatosti, přichází na řadu definitivní selhání a separace části nástroje. Faktory ovlivňující frakturu: Jeden z nejpodstatnějších vlivů na vznik fraktury má kvalita slitiny. Rotační endodontické nástroje v dnešní době můžeme rozdělit podle struktury na nástroje s převahou martenzitu nebo austenitu. Z pohledu cyklické únavy jsou martenzitické nástroje výrazně odolnější než nástroje austenitické. Drsnost povrchu má z fyzikálního hlediska přímý vliv na vznik fraktury, jelikož nerovnosti slouží jako predispoziční místa pro koncentraci napětí. Důležitý vliv má i tvar nástroje, který pozitivně ovlivňuje rezistenci vůči cyklické únavě, pokud má nástroj menší průměr. S rostoucím obsahem průřezu nástroje se zvyšuje tahové napětí na jeho povrchu, a proto dochází k rychlejšímu selhání. Okolní teplota signifikantně ovlivňuje vlastnosti nástrojů. Vyšší teplota snižuje odolnost vůči cyklické únavě. Je třeba brát v úvahu, že se nástroj může v teplotě místnosti chovat diametrálně odlišně v porovnání s teplotou v kořenovém kanálku. Nesmíme zapomínat ani na parametry kořenového kanálku, které zásadním způsobem ovlivňují selhání nástroje. Velmi důležitý je také typ rotace nástroje v kořenovém kanálku. Z tohoto pohledu jednoznačně můžeme říct, že rotační mód zkracuje dobu rezistence nástroje v porovnání s těmi recipročními. Pro testování cyklické únavy dosud nebyl určen vhodný výplachový roztok. Závěr: Tematika selhání endodontických nástrojů na bázi cyklické únavy je velmi obsáhlá. Její vývoj a pochopení může pomoci výrobě odolnějších nástrojů, a tím minimalizovat přítomnost této komplikace v ordinaci praktického zubního lékaře.
Introduction and aim: The fracture of Ni-Ti instruments is a complication that most dentists will sooner or later encounter in the dental office. There are mainly two basic mechanisms behind it and these are exceeding the cyclic fatigue limit, exceeding the torsional fatigue limit and their mutual combination. The purpose of this article is to describe the fracture mechanism of a nickel-titanium endodontic instrument based on cyclic fatigue, the influencing factors and related issues of laboratory testing. Methods: Literature searches were performed using PubMed (MEDLINE), ScienceDirect and the Wiley Online Library database. Keywords related to the topic were used to search the literature. Then suitable sources were selected. Instrument fracture mechanism: A cyclic fatigue fracture consists of three basic phases. Initiation, which is the period of time when morphological changes occur, especially on the surface and subsurface of the instrument, until the formation of the primary crack. After that the crack gradually grows with the formation of characteristic striations. As soon as the fracture toughness limit is exceeded, it is time for final failure and separation of part of the instrument. Factors affecting fracture: One of the most significant effects on fracture formation has the quality of the alloy. Today, rotary endodontic instruments can be divided according to their structure into the instruments with a predominance of martensite or austenite. From the point of view of cyclic fatigue, martensitic instruments are significantly more durable than austenitic. From a physical point of view, surface roughness has a direct effect on fracture formation as surface irregularities serve as predisposing points for stress concentration. The shape of the instrument also has an important effect, as the smaller diameter of the instrument and its core has a positive effect on the resistance to cyclic fatigue. As the cross-section area of the instrument increases, the tensile strain on its surface increases, thus, a faster failure occurs. The ambient temperature significantly affects the properties of the instruments. Higher temperature reduces resistance to cyclic fatigue. It should be kept in mind that the instrument may behave diametrically differently at room temperature compared to the root canal temperature. We must also not forget the parameters of the root canal, which fundamentally affect the failure of the instrument. The type of instrument movement kinematics in the root canal is also very important. From this point of view, we can clearly say that the rotational mode reduces the instruments's resistence to cyclic fatigue compared to reciprocal ones. An ideal irrigant has not yet been identified for cyclic fatigue testing. Conclusion: The topic of failure of endodontic instruments based on cyclic fatigue is very extensive. Its development and understanding can help the production of more durable instruments and thus minimize the presence of this complication in a general dental office.
- Klíčová slova
- únava materiálu, fraktura NiTi nástroje v endodoncii,
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nikl MeSH
- selhání zařízení * MeSH
- titan MeSH
- zubní nástroje * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
