horizontal gene transfer Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Bacteria influence eukaryotic biology as parasitic, commensal or beneficial symbionts. Aside from these organismal interactions, bacteria have also been important sources of new genetic sequences through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) for eukaryotes. In this Review, we focus on gene transfers from bacteria to eukaryotes, discuss how horizontally transferred genes become functional and explore what functions are endowed upon a broad diversity of eukaryotes by genes derived from bacteria. We classify HGT events into two broad types: those that maintain pre-existing functions and those that provide the recipient with new functionality, including altered host nutrition, protection and adaptation to extreme environments.
- MeSH
- Bacteria genetika MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- Eukaryota genetika MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace genetika MeSH
- přenos genů horizontální fyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to eukaryotes is the subject of much debate. A recent study reveals the instrumental role that the acquisition of bacterial nucleotide transporters played in the evolution of the ubiquitous, intracellular eukaryotic parasites, the microsporidia.
- MeSH
- eukaryotické buňky MeSH
- membránové transportní proteiny * MeSH
- Microsporidia * MeSH
- paraziti * MeSH
- přenos genů horizontální MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- komentáře MeSH
APMIS, ISSN 0903-465X ; Supplement Vol. 106. 84
87 s. : il. ; 28 cm
Evolution has devised countless remarkable solutions to diverse challenges. Understanding the mechanistic basis of these solutions provides insights into how biological systems can be subtly tweaked without maladaptive consequences. The knowledge gained from illuminating these mechanisms is equally important to our understanding of fundamental evolutionary mechanisms as it is to our hopes of developing truly rational plant breeding and synthetic biology. In particular, modern population genomic approaches are proving very powerful in the detection of candidate alleles for mediating consequential adaptations that can be tested functionally. Especially striking are signals gained from contexts involving genetic transfers between populations, closely related species, or indeed between kingdoms. Here we discuss two major classes of these scenarios, adaptive introgression and horizontal gene flow, illustrating discoveries made across kingdoms.
Previous work had shown that a sequence homologous to the gene encoding class II hydrophobin cerato-ulmin from the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, the causal agent of Dutch Elm Disease (DED), was present in a strain of the unrelated species Geosmithia species 5 (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) isolated from Ulmus minor affected by DED. As both fungi occupy the same habitat, even if different ecological niches, the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer was proposed. In the present work we have analysed for the presence of the cerato-ulmin gene 70 Geosmithia strains representing 29 species, isolated from different host plants and geographic locations. The gene was found in 52.1 % of the strains derived from elm trees, while none of those isolated from nonelms possessed it. The expression of the gene in Geosmithia was also assessed by real time PCR in different growth conditions (liquid culture, solid culture, elm sawdust, dual culture with O. novo-ulmi), and was found to be extremely low in all conditions tested. On the basis of these results we propose that the cerato-ulmin gene is not functional in Geosmithia, but can be considered instead a marker of more extensive transfers of genetic material as shown in other fungi.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- fungální proteiny genetika MeSH
- geny hub MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- mykotoxiny genetika MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- přenos genů horizontální * MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- Ulmus mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Current dogma holds that genes are the property of individual mammalian cells and partition between daughter cells during cell division. However, and rather unexpectedly, recent research has demonstrated horizontal cell-to-cell transfer of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in several mammalian cell culture systems. Furthermore, unequivocal evidence that mitochondrial DNA transfer occurs in vivo has now been published. While these studies show horizontal transfer of mitochondrial DNA in pathological settings, it is also possible that intercellular mitochondrial transfer is a fundamental physiological process with a role in development and tissue homeostasis.
- MeSH
- buněčné dělení genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezibuněčná komunikace genetika MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA genetika MeSH
- mitochondrie genetika MeSH
- přenos genů horizontální genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The smallest reported bacterial genome belongs to Tremblaya princeps, a symbiont of Planococcus citri mealybugs (PCIT). Tremblaya PCIT not only has a 139 kb genome, but possesses its own bacterial endosymbiont, Moranella endobia. Genome and transcriptome sequencing, including genome sequencing from a Tremblaya lineage lacking intracellular bacteria, reveals that the extreme genomic degeneracy of Tremblaya PCIT likely resulted from acquiring Moranella as an endosymbiont. In addition, at least 22 expressed horizontally transferred genes from multiple diverse bacteria to the mealybug genome likely complement missing symbiont genes. However, none of these horizontally transferred genes are from Tremblaya, showing that genome reduction in this symbiont has not been enabled by gene transfer to the host nucleus. Our results thus indicate that the functioning of this three-way symbiosis is dependent on genes from at least six lineages of organisms and reveal a path to intimate endosymbiosis distinct from that followed by organelles.
- MeSH
- aminokyseliny biosyntéza MeSH
- Bacteria klasifikace genetika MeSH
- Betaproteobacteria genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- Hemiptera genetika mikrobiologie fyziologie MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- přenos genů horizontální * MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- symbióza * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a key driver in the evolution of bacterial genomes. The acquisition of genes mediated by HGT may enable bacteria to adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions. Long-term application of antibiotics in intensive agriculture is associated with the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria with the consequences causing public health concern. Commensal farm-animal-associated gut microbiota are considered the reservoir of the resistance genes. Therefore, in this study, we identified known and not-yet characterized mobilized genes originating from chicken and porcine fecal samples using our innovative pipeline followed by network analysis to provide appropriate visualization to support proper interpretation.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky MeSH
- Bacteria genetika MeSH
- bakteriální geny MeSH
- genom bakteriální MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- přenos genů horizontální * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Animal-associated microbial communities have important effects on host phenotypes. Individuals within and among species differ in the strains and species of microbes that they harbour, but how natural selection shapes the distribution and abundance of symbionts in natural populations is not well understood. Symbionts can be beneficial in certain environments but also impose costs on their hosts. Consequently, individuals that can or cannot associate with symbionts will be favoured under different ecological circumstances. As a result, we predict that individuals within a species vary in terms of how well they accept and maintain symbionts. In pea aphids, the frequency of endosymbionts varies among host-plant-associated populations ('biotypes'). We show that aphid genotypes from different biotypes vary in how well they accept and maintain symbionts after horizontal transfer. We find that aphids from biotypes that frequently harbour symbionts are better able to associate with novel symbionts than those from biotypes that less frequently harbour symbionts. Intraspecific variation in the ability of hosts to interact with symbionts is an understudied factor explaining patterns of host-symbiont association.
- MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- mšice MeSH
- přenos genů horizontální MeSH
- symbióza * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Molecular analysis of isolates of the rumen bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium revealed a high variety and frequency of site-specific (restriction) endonucleases. While all known S. ruminantium restriction and modification systems recognize hexanucleotide sequences only, consistently low counts of both 6-bp and 4-bp palindromes were found in DNA sequences of S. ruminantium. Statistical analysis indicated that there is some correlation between the degree of underrepresentation of tetranucleotide words and the number of known restriction endonucleases for a given sequence. Control analysis showed the same correlation in lambda DNA but not in human adenovirus DNA. Based on the data presented, it could be proposed that there is a much higher historical occurrence of restriction and modification systems in S. ruminantium and (or) frequent horizontal gene transfer of restriction and modification gene complexes.
