host immunity Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
elektronický časopis
- MeSH
- bakteriální infekce MeSH
- buňky mikrobiologie MeSH
- imunita MeSH
- infekce MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
- mykózy MeSH
- virové nemoci MeSH
- Konspekt
- Mikrobiologie
- NLK Obory
- infekční lékařství
- bakteriologie
- mikrobiologie, lékařská mikrobiologie
- parazitologie
- NLK Publikační typ
- elektronické časopisy
UNLABELLED: Next generation sequencing and proteomics have helped to comprehensively characterize gene expression in tick salivary glands at both the transcriptome and the proteome level. Functional data are, however, lacking. Given that tick salivary secretions are critical to the success of the tick transmission lifecycle and, as a consequence, for host colonization by the pathogens they spread, we thoroughly review here the literature on the known interactions between tick saliva (or tick salivary gland extracts) and the innate and adaptive vertebrate immune system. The information is intended to serve as a reference for functional characterization of the numerous genes and proteins expressed in tick salivary glands with an ultimate goal to develop novel vector and pathogen control strategies. SIGNIFICANCE: We overview all the known interactions of tick saliva with the vertebrate immune system. The provided information is important, given the recent developments in high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of gene expression in tick salivary glands, since it may serve as a guideline for the functional characterization of the numerous newly-discovered genes expressed in tick salivary glands.
- MeSH
- hmyzí proteiny imunologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita imunologie MeSH
- klíšťata imunologie MeSH
- modely imunologické MeSH
- přirozená imunita imunologie MeSH
- sliny imunologie sekrece MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH
Best practice & research clinical haematology, ISSN 1521-6926 Vol. 21, no. 2, June 2008
S. 99-372 : il.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: RTX toxin action often defines the outcome of bacterial infections. Here, we discuss the progress in understanding the impacts of RTX toxin activities on host immunity. RECENT FINDINGS: Bordetella pertussis CyaA activity paralyzes sentinel phagocytic cells by elevating cellular cAMP levels and blocks differentiation of infiltrating monocytes into bactericidal macrophages, promoting also de-differentiation of resident alveolar macrophages into monocyte-like cells. Vibrio cholerae multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxins (MARTX), through Rho inactivating and α/β-hydrolase (ABH) domain action blocks mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in epithelial cells and dampens the inflammatory responses of intestinal epithelia by blocking immune cell recruitment. The action of actin crosslinking effector domain and Ras/Rap1-specific endopeptidase (RRSP) domains of MARTX compromises the phagocytic ability of macrophages. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans LtxA action triggers neutrophil elastase release into periodontal tissue, compromising the epithelial barrier and promoting bacterial spreads into deeper tissue. SUMMARY: Action of RTX toxins enables bacterial pathogens to cope with the fierce host immune defenses. RTX toxins often block phagocytosis and bactericidal reactive oxygen species and NO production. Some RTX toxins can reprogram the macrophages to less bactericidal cell types. Autophagy is hijacked for example by the activity of the V. cholerae ABH effector domain of the MARTX protein. Subversion of immune functions by RTX toxins thus promotes bacterial survival and proliferation in the host.
- MeSH
- adaptivní imunita MeSH
- Bacteria metabolismus patogenita MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny toxicita MeSH
- buňky NK účinky léků MeSH
- dendritické buňky účinky léků MeSH
- epitelové buňky účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- makrofágy účinky léků MeSH
- monocyty účinky léků MeSH
- virulence MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
V transplantačním centru v Brně bylo provedeno 417 ortotopických transplantací jater v období od 2. 2. 1983 do 1. 12. 2011. Graft vs host disease (GVHD) byla diagnostikována pouze v jednom případě (0,24 %). Autoři popisují případ 59leté ženy, u které byla transplantace jater provedena pro sekundární biliární cirhózu po iatrogenním poškození ductus choledochus při cholecystectomii. U pacientky se po transplantaci jater rozvinul kožní exantém provázený průjmy s následnou leukopenií a rozvojem septického šoku. Diagnóza GVHD byla ověřena kožní biopsií a podpořena stanovením přítomnosti podílu dárcovských buněk v periferní krvi příjemce (chimerizmus). V léčbě byly použity vysoké dávky glukokortikoidů, udržování co nejnižších účinných hladin tacrolimu, podání imunoglobulinů, anti-CD25 mAbs, symptomatická terapie (faktor stimulující granulocyty, antibiotika, antivirotika). I přes velmi komplikovaný průběh se pacientka subjektivně i objektivně zlepšila a příznaky GVHD postupně odezněly. Stav byl však provázen výraznou leukopenií s rozvojem septického stavu. Výše uvedená terapie vedla k postupné úpravě jak klinického stavu, tak laboratorních výsledků a možnosti propuštění po 77 dnech od transplantace. Po následujících 10 dnech však dochází k novému výskytu kožních projevů, které po navýšení glukokortikoidů a redukci dávky blokátorů kalcineurinu opět ustoupily. Tento stav již nebyl provázen leukopenií ani septickým stavem. Nemocná byla opětovně hospitalizována 252. den po transplantaci s rozvojem srdečního selhání s biopticky prokázanou virovou myokarditidou. Pacientka je nyní 10 měsíců po transplantaci jater bez klinických známek GVHD s dobrou funkcí jaterního štěpu.
417 orthotopic transplants were carried out at the Brno transplant centre between 2 February 1983 and 1 December 2011. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was diagnosed in a single case (0.24%). The authors describe the case of a 59-year-old woman who underwent liver transplant due to secondary biliary cirrhosis following iatrogenic damage of the ductus choledochus during cholecystectomy. Following the liver transplant, the patient developed skin exanthem accompanied by diarrhoea, followed by leukopenia and septic shock development. The GVHD diagnosis was tested by skin biopsy and supported by determining the presence of the proportion of donor cells in the recipient's peripheral blood (chimerism). The treatment involved applying high doses of glucocorticoids, maintaining the lowest possible effective levels of tacrolimus, administering immunoglobulins, anti- CD25 mAbs, and symptomatic therapy (factor stimulating granulocytes, antibiotics and antivirotics). Despite the very complicated course, the patient improved both subjectively and objectively and the GVHD symptoms gradually subsided. However, the condition was accompanied by a distinctive leukopenia with sepsis developed. The above-mentioned therapy resulted in a gradual improvement of both the clinical condition and the laboratory results as well as in the discharge after 77 days from the transplant. However, after another 10 days skin symptoms reoccurred, which subsided again after increasing glucocorticoids and reducing the dose of calcineurin inhibitors. This condition was accompanied by neither leukopenia nor sepsis. The patient had recovered again by the 252nd day after the transplant with heart failure involving bioptically proven viral myocarditis. The patient is now 10 months after the liver transplant without any GVHD clinical symptoms and with good functioning of the liver graft.
- MeSH
- cholecystektomie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- exantém imunologie komplikace MeSH
- hormony kůry nadledvin aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- iatrogenní nemoci MeSH
- imunoglobuliny terapeutické užití MeSH
- jaterní cirhóza komplikace terapie MeSH
- leukopenie komplikace MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myokarditida farmakoterapie komplikace virologie MeSH
- nemoc štěpu proti hostiteli diagnóza etiologie komplikace MeSH
- průjem imunologie komplikace MeSH
- recidiva MeSH
- septický šok imunologie komplikace MeSH
- srdeční selhání komplikace terapie MeSH
- takrolimus aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- transplantace jater imunologie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Stav imunitného systému jedinca zohráva kľúčovú úlohu pri regulácii oportúnnych infekcií. V bojiproti intracelulárnym parazitom sa uplatňujú viaceré nešpecifické ako aj špecifické imunitnémechanizmy. Dominantnú úlohu v reakcii na infekciu zástupcami rodu Encephalitozoon mábunkousprostredkovaná imunitná odpoveď. Encephalitozoon cuniculi, ako najviac preskúmaný zástupcatohto rodu, je schopný prežívať v organizme hostiteľa aj napriek jeho aktívnej imunitnej odpovedi.Latentná asymptomatická infekcia prebieha len dovtedy, kým sú množenie parazita a imunitnáodpoveď v rovnováhe. Preto je dôležité poznať imunitné mechanizmy, ktoré sa zúčastňujú nazvládnutí tejto infekcie.
The immunity systemstatus of an individual plays the key role in regulation of opportune infection.In the fight against the intracellular parasites several non-specific as well as specific immunitymechanisms are applied. The dominant role in response to infection caused by the representativesof genus Encephalitozoon plays the cell-mediated immune response. Encephalitozoon cuniculi, asthe most explored representative of this genus is able to survive in the host organism despite hisactive immunity response. Latent asymptomatic infection goes on only as long as the parasitemultiplication and immune response are balanced.
Ticks are blood feeding parasites transmitting a wide variety of pathogens to their vertebrate hosts. The vector competence of ticks is tightly linked with their immune system. Despite its importance, our knowledge of tick innate immunity is still inadequate and the limited number of sufficiently characterized immune molecules and cellular reactions are dispersed across numerous tick species. The phagocytosis of microbes by tick hemocytes seems to be coupled with a primitive complement-like system, which possibly involves self/nonself recognition by fibrinogen-related lectins and the action of thioester-containing proteins. Ticks do not seem to possess a pro-phenoloxidase system leading to melanization and also coagulation of tick hemolymph has not been experimentally proven. They are capable of defending themselves against microbial infection with a variety of antimicrobial peptides comprising lysozymes, defensins and molecules not found in other invertebrates. Virtually nothing is known about the signaling cascades involved in the regulation of tick antimicrobial immune responses. Midgut immunity is apparently the decisive factor of tick vector competence. The gut content is a hostile environment for ingested microbes, which is mainly due to the antimicrobial activity of hemoglobin fragments generated by the digestion of the host blood as well as other antimicrobial peptides. Reactive oxygen species possibly also play an important role in the tick-pathogen interaction. The recent release of the Ixodes scapularis genome and the feasibility of RNA interference in ticks promise imminent and substantial progress in tick innate immunity research.
