• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rodina MeSH
• skupinová psychoterapie MeSH
• sociální psychologie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• lepra prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• mikrobiologické techniky MeSH
• mikrobiologie MeSH
• Mycobacterium klasifikace   MeSH
• tuberkulóza prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kongresy MeSH
• sborníky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• urgentní lékařství
• mikrobiologie, lékařská mikrobiologie

Our understanding of fungal diversity is far from complete. Species descriptions generally focus on morphological features, but this approach may underestimate true diversity. Using the morphological species concept, Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) is a single species with global distribution and wide host range. Since its description 120 years ago, this fungal parasite has been reported from 30 species of ladybird hosts on all continents except Antarctica. These host usage patterns suggest that H. virescens could be made up of many different species, each adapted to individual host species. Using sequence data from three gene regions, we found evidence for distinct clades within Hesperomyces virescens, each clade corresponding to isolates from a single host species. We propose that these lineages represent separate species, driven by adaptation to different ladybird hosts. Our combined morphometric, molecular phylogenetic and ecological data provide support for a unified species concept and an integrative taxonomy approach.

• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• brouci parazitologie   MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc etiologie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• amyloid MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurofibrilární klubka chemie   patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• takrin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• volné radikály chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odborná způsobilost MeSH
• postižené děti MeSH
• řešení problému MeSH
• sociální facilitace MeSH
• speciální vzdělávání MeSH
• vyučování MeSH
• zrakově postižení MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Metorchis spp. are flukes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) that infect vertebrates, including humans, dogs, cats, poultry and wild game, with cyprinid freshwater fish serving as typical second intermediate hosts. In their definitive hosts, the Metorchis spp. are difficult to identify to species. We provide and analyze sequences of two nuclear (18S rDNA and ITS2) and two mitochondrial (CO1 and ND1) DNA loci of four morphologically identified European species of the Metorchis, namely Metorchis albidus, Metorchis bilis, Metorchis crassiusculus and Metorchis xanthosomus, and of another opisthorchiid, Euamphimerus pancreaticus. DNA analysis suggests that the Metorchis specimens identified morphologically as M. albidus (from Lutra lutra), M. bilis (from Phalacrocorax carbo) and M. crassiusculus (from Aquila heliaca and Buteo rufinus) represent a single species. Thus, M. albidus (Braun, 1893) Loos, 1899 and M. crassiusculus (Rudolphi, 1809) Looss, 1899 are recognized as junior subjective synonyms of M. bilis (Braun, 1790) Odening, 1962. We also provide comparative measurements of the Central European Metorchis spp., and address their tissue specificity and prevalence based on the examination of extensive bird cohort from 1962 to 2015. M. bilis and M. xanthosomus can be morphologically diagnosed by measuring the extent of genitalia relative to body length and by the size ratio of their suckers. They also differ in their core definitive hosts, with ducks (Anas, Aythya) and coots (Fulica) hosting M. xanthosomus, and cormorants (Phalacrocorax), the birds of prey (Buteo, Aquila, etc.), piscivorous mammals (Lutra, Vulpes, Ursus, etc.) and humans hosting M. bilis. Previous reports on the Metorchis spp. contain numerous suspected misidentifications.

• MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda parazitologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Opisthorchidae klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• savci MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Species of the family Prosthogonimidae are considered the most pathogenic poultry trematodes worldwide, affecting particularly low intensity farming in rural areas. Adults of Prosthogonimus occur mainly in the bursa of Fabricius, oviduct and cloaca of ducks, geese, fowl and other birds feeding at least occasionally on dragonflies or damselflies (Odonata). We analyzed the central European species of the Prosthogonimidae, namely Prosthogonimus cuneatus, Prosthogonimus ovatus, Prosthogonimus pellucidus and Prosthogonimus rarus. We sequenced three nuclear (ITS2) and mitochondrial (CO1, ND1) DNA loci of four species isolated from Anas clypeata, Anas strepera, Anas platyrhynchos, Aythya ferina, Passer domesticus and Turdus merula. Intra- and inter-specific sequence variability revealed that all four species represent distinct well-defined entities. Our data, combined with previously published studies, suggest the return of the name Prosthogonimus rarus Braun, 1901 for Schistogonimus rarus (Braun, 1901). The genus name Schistogonimus Lühe, 1909 is considered a junior synonym of Prosthogonimus Lühe, 1899. We identified the existence of two clades, one represented by P. cuneatus and P. pellucidus, and another one formed by P. ovatus and P. rarus. We also provide comparative measurements of these four central European prosthogonimids, and address their tissue specificity, host-specific prevalence (based on the extensive bird cohort examined in years 1962-2014), and for some bird hosts we address also differences in the prevalence of Prosthogonimus spp. in natural and near-natural wetlands in comparison with fishponds utilized for intense carp production. We provide an updated key to European Prosthogonimus spp. based on their morphological characters.

• MeSH
• Anseriformes parazitologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Passeriformes parazitologie   MeSH
• protozoální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• Trematoda klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Polsko MeSH

Práce s tělem v psychoterapii má své kořeny sahající k W. Reichovi. V současné době je pro ni typická velká různorodost škol a přístupů. Integrativní body-psychoterapie je zde prezentovaná v jejích teoretických východiscích. Její vznik je poměrně nedávný. Hlavními pilíři je bioenergetika A. Lowena, syntéza charakterové analýzy, psychoanalytické teorie objektních vztahů a tělových přístupů S. Johnsona, přístup založený na všímavosti R. Kurtze a také vlivy z biosyntézy D. Boadelly a formativní psychologie S. Kelemana. Krátce je zde popsána koncepce osobnosti dle Lowena, pojetí energie v těle a její uvolňování ve formě impulzu ze self a důsledky jejího zadržování v podobě tělesných bloků. Je vysvětlen pojem charakterové struktury a jejího vzniku v obecné i konkrétní podobě. Nakonec je představeno použití všímavosti způsobem improvizovaných experimentů a tzv. sond.

Working with the body in psychotherapy has roots coming up from W. Reich. Today a great variability among different schools and approaches is typical for it. The Integrative body-psychotherapy is presented in its theoretical base. Its origin is quite recent. The main pillars are A. Lowen's bioenergetics, S. Johnson´s synthesis of character analysis, psychoanalytical object relations theory and body approaches, R. Kurtz's mindfulness based approach, and also influences from D. Boadella's biosynthesis and S. Keleman's formative psychology. Shortly described is the concept of personality of Lowen, the concept of energy in the body, releasing it through impulses from the self and impacts of holding it in the form of blocks in the body. It is explained the concept of character structure and the development of it in general and concrete way. Finally it is introduced the use of mindfulness in the way of improvised experiments and so called probes.

• Klíčová slova
• integrativní body-psychoterapie, na tělo zaměřená psychoterapie, bioenergetická analýza, charakterová analýza,
• MeSH
• charakter MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobnost klasifikace   MeSH
• psychologická teorie MeSH
• psychosomatické a relaxační terapie * využití   MeSH
• psychoterapie * dějiny   metody   MeSH
• všímavost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

V úvodní části se článek zabývá historií, popisuje podstatný přínos hlavních před­stavitelů bodypsychoterapeutické školy W. Reicha, A. Lowena, ilustruje hlavní princi­py tohoto terapeutického systému. Krátce je zmíněno současné zakotvení této školy v České asociaci pro psychoterapii zamě­řenou na tělo. V závěru článku je uvedena kazuistika jako příklad možného využití bodypsychoterapie.

The article deals with the history, de­scribes the significant contribution of the main representatives of the body psycho­therapy – W. Reich, A. Lowen. An introduc­tory part illustrates the main principles of this therapeutic system. Czech Association of Bodypsychotherapy is briefly mentioned to anchor a current setting of this therapeutic system in the Czech Republic. At the end of the article one therapy session with a patient as an example of the possible use of body psychotherapy is shortly described.

• Klíčová slova
• bodyterapie, vegetoterapie, bioenergetika,
• MeSH
• čchi MeSH
• dechová cvičení MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• muži MeSH
• odborný výcvik MeSH
• psychosomatické a relaxační terapie * využití   MeSH
• psychoterapie * dějiny   metody   MeSH
• terapeutický dotek MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

The review deals with the time course of the antipsychotic action. In recent years "the early response" of antipsychotic medication has been discussed, so the theory of "the delayed response" has been denied. Some important studies dealing with this topic are mentioned here. Furthermore, the influence of the early response on the later condition in various time consequences is included in this review. This topic is connected to the question whether and when to switch the antipsychotic medication if the first antipsychotic medication is not effective enough. Some authors prefer switching early, whereas others prefer staying on the current medication. An early nonresponse is a strong predictor of a late nonresponse. According to a recent study, the difference between an early response and nonresponse disappears approximately in the 40th week of the therapy. Other studies are needed to understand when and by which patients to switch antipsychotic medication if they react to current treatment deficiently.

In this article, we will examine how attachment theory may inform our understanding of the therapeutic effectiveness of clinical hypnosis. First, we will synthesize the basic concepts of attachment theory and expose its connections with health and well-being. Then, we will review the fundamental principles underpinning the practice of clinical hypnosis and give several examples of its therapeutic use. Finally, we will propose an integrative model unifying the addressed notions and will discuss the implications of our hypotheses for clinical practice. In particular, we propose that by wording specific hypnotic suggestions a therapist may behave as an attentive, responsive, sensitive, available, and benevolent caregiver, and hence may facilitate the development of a secure attachment relationship. Since secure attachment is known to favor health and wellbeing, hypnotic suggestions which favor secure attachment may play an important role in the therapeutic effectiveness of clinical hypnosis. We will try to show that hypnotic suggestions, which facilitate the developement of secure attachment style, may simultaneously convey a verbal information about the patients hypnotic experience (explicitly) and a non-verbal information about the therapists state of mind with regards to the relational interaction (implicitly). This implicit relational information may by responsible for an important part of the therapeutic effectiveness of clinical hypnosis. Our integrative perspective also suggest that basic tenets of attachment theory are naturelly inherent to various hypnotic strategies and that attachment themes are implicitly present at the core of various hypnotic suggestions. In our opinion, a deliberate integration of attachment concepts within the framework of clinical hypnosis may not only inform our understanding of the therapeutic effectiveness of clinical hypnosis, but also improve our clinical pactice and increase its usefullness for human health.

• Klíčová slova
• bezpečná základna, teorie vztahové vazby, pečovatel,
• MeSH
• emoce MeSH
• hypnóza * MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy * MeSH
• komunikace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• připoutání k objektu MeSH
• psychoterapeutické procesy * MeSH
• sugesce MeSH
• vztahy mezi rodiči a dětmi MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH