Adolescence is a period of constructing cognitive world representation which performs a crucial regulative function because it is a system of judgments about the essence of reality. The article presents the review of research revision and literature synthesis in the field of inner world representation in the context of normal and abnormal development in adolescence. The query search databases for articles published since 1990 till 2012 was done. However the concept of world representation seems not to be the important issue in the literature, the analysis was limited to studies done in Poland. It was found that the content and the structure of world representation in adolescents are closely related to the bio-ecological context of individual developmental pathway as well as to contextual factors such as health and family conditions. The inner subjective world representation emerged in the minds of the youth in connection with their socializing experiences fulfills a vital regulative function in the normal as well as abnormal development pathway. This knowledge gives signifi cant impact to the practical approach in the therapy and supporting for adolescents suffered from different somatic as well as developmental disorders.

• MeSH
• chronická nemoc psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství * MeSH
• pěstounství metody   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• poruchy sociálního chování psychologie   MeSH
• postižení psychologie   MeSH
• sluchově postižení psychologie   MeSH
• sociální péče psychologie   MeSH
• sociální percepce * MeSH
• speciální vzdělávání metody   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství * MeSH

Some recent reports suggested that elderly and female patients did not benefit from implantation of the second internal thoracic artery (ITA) during coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Macrophages, among other cells, were described to be involved in both atherosclerosis and aortocoronary grafts failure. The aim of the study was to examine the age and gender association with different distribution of CD68+ cells within the layers of ITA wall. This study involved 158 consecutive patients (95 male and 63 female), with the mean age of 64.5±9.5 years, who underwent elective CABG procedures. During surgery, the surplus distal segments of ITA were harvested for immunohistochemical analysis. The number and distribution of CD68+ cells was calculated and plotted against the age and gender of the study participants. CD68+ cells were present in all of the harvested ITA fragments (median 44), more in women (55) than in men (42) (p less than 0.001). However, this difference was of statistical significance exclusively in the tunica intima. Approximately 70% of macrophages were found in the tunica adventitia. The total number of CD68+ cells the in arterial wall as well as in the tunica intima and adventitia correlated positively with the age of patients (r=0.544, r=501 and r=0.462, respectively). The lack of significant advantages of the use of two thoracic arteries, in elderly patients and women, might have resulted from the larger population of CD68+ cells in their walls, especially the tunica intima. However, this result from immunohistochemical analysis needs validation in long-term clinical research on a larger cohort of patients.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• koronární bypass metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   MeSH
• mamární tepny imunologie   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tunica intima imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cieľom predkladanej štúdie bolo zistiť, či aktuálna reprezentácia vzťahovej väzby k matke predikuje internalizujúce problémy u detí v strednom detstve, a či sú modely genderovo-špecifické. Výskumnú vzorku tvorilo 151 detí vo veku 9-12 rokov, ktorým sme administrovali dotazníky Škála istoty, Škála zjavnej anxiety pre deti CMAS, Škála klasickej sociálne-situačnej anxiety KSAT a Sebaposudzovacia škála depresivity pre deti CDI. S využitím lineárnej regresnej analýzy sme zistili, že bezpečná reprezentácia väzby k matke významne negatívne predikuje výskyt internalizujúcich problémov u detí v strednom detstve, s výnimkou sociálnej anxiety, a to bez ohľadu na pohlavie detí. Genderovo-špecifické vzorce predikcie sme zaznamenali len v prípade dvoch symptómov depresivity (Zlá nálada a Anhedónia). Výsledky sú v súlade s teoretickými a empirickými predpokladmi a naznačujú, že kvalita vzťahovej väzby k matke je dôležitým faktorom adaptívneho vývinu aj u detí v strednom detstve.

Problem: The current study examines the relationship between the representation of attachment relationship with mother and internalizing problems in the developmental period of middle childhood. The purpose of the study was to analyze whether the quality of attachment predicts the intensity and seriousness of internalizing problems in middle childhood; and to examine whether the models are gender-specific. Methods: Participants in this study were 151 children aged 9-12 (M = 11.21), 77 boys and 74 girls, recruited from elementary schools in Nitra region. Children completed measures assessing the quality of attachment representation of the relationship with mother (selfreport questionnaire Security Scale), the tendency to react anxiously (self-report questionnaire Childen´s Manifest Anxiety Scale – CMAS), social anxiety (self-report questionnaire Scale of Classical Social Situational Anxiety – KSAT) and depression (self-report questionnaire Children´s Depression Inventory – CDI). Results: Regression analysis indicated that secure attachment representation is a significant negative predictor of children's internalizing problems – manifest anxiety (ß = -.324, p < .001), the total of depression symptoms (ß = -.377, p < .001) and all of the subcategories of depressive symptomathology (ß = -.230, p < .01 for Negative Mood; ß = -.253, p < .01 for Interpersonal Problems; ß = -.316, p < .001 for Inefectiveness; ß = .215, p < .01 for Anhedonia; and ß = -.461, p < .001 for Negative Self Esteem), except for social anxiety (ß = -.035, p = .717). The overall variance explained by attachment security ranged 4.6 to 21.3%. Results suggest that children, who perceive their mother as available and responsive in the situation of distress, are less prone to develop anxiety and depression. Small to middle effect size of the quality of attachment relationship indicates that attachment to mother is only one of the risk factors of internalizing behavior in middle chidlhood. Regression analysis revealed some gender-specific models according to the associations between attachment to mother and internalizing problems in boys and girls. In the sample of boys, negative mood and anhedony was not predicted by attachment to mother (ß = -.176, p > 0.05 and ß = -.194, p > 0.05, respectively), but in the sample of girls, secure attachment representation was a significant negative predictor of both depressive symptoms (ß = -.296, p < .05 for Negative Mood; and ß = -.285, p < .05 for Anhedony). Other models, except for social anxiety, were statistically significant for both samples. In the sample of girls, the predictor accounted for 26.3% of variance in Negative Self Esteem (ß = -.512; p < .001), 18.9% of variance of the total of depression symptoms (ß = -.435; p < .001), 10.9% of variance in Ineffectiveness (ß = -.331; p < .05) and 10.5% of variance in manifest anxiety (ß = -.324; p < .05). The results were similar for the sample of boys. Attachment security accounted for 17.4% of variance in Negative Self Esteem (ß = -.435; p < .001), 11.3% of variance of the total of depression symptoms (ß = -.377; p < .05) and 10.5% of variance in manifest anxiety (ß = -.332; p < .05). Representation of attachment relationship with mother accounted for less then 10% of variance when predicitng Negative Mood, Anhedony and Interpersonal Problems in both samples, and in addition Inefectiveness only in boys. Additional statistical analyses revealed that regression coefficients across models did not differ. Results suggest that mother is still a primary attachment figure in middle childhood for both, boys and girls, but the quality of attachment to father can also be an important factor of particular adaptive behavior, especially in boys. Because of lack of knowledge and empirical evidence, the future research in the field of gender-specific models of adjustment in middle childhood is needed. Discussion: When interpreting the results of this investigation, it is important to be aware of several limitations. The methodics used in the study are all based on the subjective self-report. The character of the assessment can lead to the tendency to react according to the social expectations. In future studies, it would be beneficial to gather reports about the internalizing problems from children as well as from significant others, and to use multiple attachment assessment (e.g. the combination of questionnaires and projective techniques. Conclusion: We can conclude that attachment representation to mother is an important factor of adaptive development in middle childhood. Our results are in concordance with attachment theory and empirical evidence of associations between violated confidence of availability of attachment figure resulting in insecure attachment representation and maladjustment.

• MeSH
• deprese * klasifikace   psychologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• empirický výzkum MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• muži psychologie   MeSH
• osobnostní dotazník statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• osobnostní testy statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• připoutání k objektu MeSH
• úzkost * klasifikace   psychologie   MeSH
• vývoj dítěte MeSH
• vztahy mezi matkou a dítětem * psychologie   MeSH
• ženy psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

Zvyšující se prevalence diabetu mellitu (DM) směřuje k diferencování registrace diabetiků u jednotlivých odborností. Cílem této práce proto bylo zhodnocení změny v zastoupení odborností zajišťujících péči o pacienty s DM v Česku na základě analýzy dat z Národního registru hrazených zdravotních služeb 2010–2021. Počet nemocných s diabetem mezi lety 2010 a 2021 setrvale rostl, z 862 841 na 1 066 389. Zatímco však počet pacientů v péči diabetologa rovněž vzrostl, jejich podíl klesl. Pacientů v péči praktického lékaře přibylo jak absolutně, tak relativně. Opačný trend byl zaznamenán u diabetiků léčených internistou, kdy jejich počet i podíl klesl. V roce 2021 ze souboru léčených antidiabetiky bylo léčeno 57,9 % diabetologem, 17 % praktickým lékařem, 12,2 % internistou. Ve skupině léčené kombinací inzulinu a neinzulinových antidiabetik bylo 91,6 % pacientů v péči diabetologa, 0,3 % u praktického lékaře a 6,3 % u internisty. Ve skupině léčené pouze neinzulinovými antidiabetiky bylo 46,7 % pacientů v péči diabetologa, 22,8 % u PL a 14,1 % u internisty. U 185 838 pacientů s DM nebyla vykázána kontrola ani diabetologem, ani praktickým lékařem nebo internistou; z nich bez antidiabetické terapie bylo 80 144. Zvyšující se prevalence DM a změny v podmínkách úhrad se promítají do dynamického vývoje distribuce péče o diabetiky jednotlivými odbornostmi.

The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to the differentiation of the registration of diabetics in individual specialties. Objective of this paper was the evaluation of changes in the representation of expertise providing care for patients with DM (pDM) in the Czech Republic, based on data analysis from the National Register of Paid Health Services (NRHZS) 2010–2021. In the entire pDM group, the number of patients treated by a diabetologist (DIA) increased from 491,490 (57.0 %) to 537,430 (50.4 %), with a general practitioner (GP) from 27,719 (3.2 %) to 181,330 (17.0 %) and by internist (INT) from 172,918 (20.0 %) to 161,291 (15.1 %). In 2021, 57.9 % DIA, 17 % GP, 12.2 % INT were treated from the group treated with antidiabetics (813,873). In 2021, 84,345 were treated with insulin alone (87.2 % DIA), 129,127 were treated with a combination of insulin and non-insulin antidiabetics; 115,604 (91.6 %) in DIA, 322 (0.3 %) in GP and 7,983 (6.3 %) in INT. 603,331 treated only with non-insulin antidiabetic drugs, of which 281,929 (46.7 %) DIA, 137,744 (22.8 %) GP and 85,273 (14.1 %) INT. For other specialties, 98,385 (16.3 %) persons. 185,838 patients without reported DIA/GP/INT control, of which 80,144 without therapy. The increasing prevalence of DM and changes in reimbursement conditions are reflected in the dynamic development of the distribution of diabetes care by individual specialties.

• MeSH
• analýza dat MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * terapie   MeSH
• endokrinologové organizace a řízení   MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• péče o pacienta MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče * MeSH
• praktičtí lékaři organizace a řízení   MeSH
• vnitřní lékařství organizace a řízení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• kardiologie
• angiologie

The neural substrate subserving magnetoreception and magnetic orientation in mammals is largely unknown. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the processing of magnetic sensory information takes place in the superior colliculus. Here, the effects of magnetic field conditions on neuronal activity in the rodent navigation circuit were assessed by quantifying c-Fos expression. Ansell's mole-rats (Fukomys anselli), a mammalian model to study the mechanisms of magnetic compass orientation, were subjected to natural, periodically changing, and shielded magnetic fields while exploring an unfamiliar circular arena. In the undisturbed local geomagnetic field, the exploration of the novel environment and/or nesting behaviour induced c-Fos expression throughout the head direction system and the entorhinal-hippocampal spatial representation system. This induction was significantly suppressed by exposure to periodically changing and/or shielded magnetic fields; discrete decreases in c-Fos were seen in the dorsal tegmental nucleus, the anterodorsal and the laterodorsal thalamic nuclei, the postsubiculum, the retrosplenial and entorhinal cortices, and the hippocampus. Moreover, in inactive animals, magnetic field intensity manipulation suppressed c-Fos expression in the CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus and the dorsal subiculum, but induced expression in the polymorph layer of the dentate gyrus. These findings suggest that key constituents of the rodent navigation circuit contain populations of neurons responsive to magnetic stimuli. Thus, magnetic information may be integrated with multimodal sensory and motor information into a common spatial representation of allocentric space within this circuit.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat MeSH
• čití, cítění genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• colliculus superior metabolismus   MeSH
• gyrus dentatus metabolismus   MeSH
• hipokampus metabolismus   MeSH
• magnetismus MeSH
• mikroftalmičtí podzemní hlodavci genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• orientace MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny c-fos genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• somatosenzorické korové centrum metabolismus   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

In the years 2007 - 2013 8 thematic operational programs was published under the Convergence Objective for drawing of the support from the European Union. Our laboratory participated in the competition within the thematic operational program Education for Competitiveness in support of human resources in research and development project "International cooperation in the field of Nanotechnologies “in vivo” imaging techniques (NANOLABSYS)". One of the goals of the project was to create a partner network both in the Czech Republic as well as with other European partners and the development of human potential in research and innovation. This project will meet the set goal. This assertion is confirmed as the involvement of five foreign workers into the ranks of professional workers, as well as the size of the team which has a total of 61 members.

• Klíčová slova
• lidské zdroje,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nanotechnologie * pracovní síly   MeSH
• personální management * pracovní síly   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• personální obsazení a rozvrh statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• výzkum * pracovní síly   MeSH
• výzkumní pracovníci statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: This study aims to pioneer in evaluating women's representation in plastic surgery innovations, focusing on mammary prosthesis devices' inventorship. Despite growing gender parity in the field, women's involvement in innovation remains underexplored. This is especially crucial, as the predominant recipients of these innovative technologies are women, urging a necessity for broader female engagement in pioneering surgical advancements. METHOD: Patents under the "A61F2/12: Mammary prostheses and implants" classification between the dates January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2020, were identified using Google Patents Advanced. Inclusion criteria included patents (not designs) in English and applications (not grants), with no litigation limitations. Data collected included ID, title, assignee (categorized as industry, academic, private, individual), inventors, and dates (priority, filing, and publication). Sex of inventors was identified with the literature validated gender API, with manual resolution of unresolved genders or with ga_accuracy scores of less than 75%. Data were analyzed using 2-tailed Student t tests, χ2 analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient (significance set at P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: Of the more than 130,000 plastic surgery patents in English identified between the 10-year period, 1355 were classified as A61F2/12. A total of 374 unique patents were included for analysis (841 duplicates were removed, and 140 patents were excluded because of non-English character author names). There was a significant increase in patents over the decade (from 15 in 2011 to 88 in 2020, R2 = 0.74, P < 0.05), with a decrease in number of inventors per patent (R2 = 0.12, P < 0.05). Of the 1102 total inventors, 138 were female (11.2%), with a 4-fold increase in representation over the decade (R2 = 0.58, P < 0.05), including increase in patents filed with a woman first inventor (0%-14.8%). Women were equally likely to be first 3 inventors versus middle to last inventors (12.8% vs 11.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Over a decade, mammary device innovations rose significantly. Although women inventors' representation improved, it remains disproportionate compared with women in residency/practice. Hence, interventions should aim to align inventor representation with training ratios, through institutional optimization, reducing gender segmentation, and enhancing funding opportunities.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plastická chirurgie * MeSH
• prsní implantáty * MeSH
• zákroky plastické chirurgie * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Následující stať pojednává o působení Československa na mezinárodním basketbalovém poli. Konkrétně se blíže zabývá mužskou reprezentací od roku 1945 do roku 1955. Košíková, jak se tomuto kolektivnímu sportu také říká, se v českých zemích rozvíjela již od roku 1897. K největšímu rozkvětu ovšem došlo hlavně po ukončení druhé světové války. Mimo reprezentačních zápasů se na území tehdejšího Československa hrála i domácí soutěž. Československá reprezentace se za dobu svého působení dokázala nejednou umístit mezi evropskou elitou. Na světové úrovni k cenným kovům vždy kousek chyběl.

The presented article deals with the Czechoslovakian basketball on the international field. Specifically it is focus on mens basketball represantation from 1945 to 1955. Basketball, how this collective sportcan be called, has been evolving in Czech lands since 1897. The greatest development was when theII. World War ended. There was home basketball league on the Czechoslovakian teritory, except from representative matches. There had been many success in the history of Czechoslovakian basketball at the European field. But there was no that big achievement at the World level.

• Klíčová slova
• mistrovství Evropy, olympijské hry,
• MeSH
• basketbal * dějiny   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

The citizens of German nationality within the interwar period in the Czechoslovakia were integrated in the political, economical and cultural affairs. The German nationality athletes were gathered in DHfL (Der Deutsche Hauptausschuss für Leibesübungen) where one of the main members was HDW (Hauptverband Deutscher Wintersportvereine). This association united almost 16,000 winter outdoor sport followers of German nationality living in the Czechoslovakia out of which the skiers were the most numerous branch. After the year 1927, having stepped out of DHfL, the DTV (Deutscher Turnverband) became the second head office of German sports in The Czechoslovak Republic. However efficient their members were, they still did not appear in the Czechoslovak national team. The biggest problem turned out to be the participation in international competitions where only members of associations included in international organisations could enter. The members of such organisations were almost exclusively “Czechoslovak” associations. For some period only HDW was represented in FIS. An agreement between HDW and SLRČR (Association of Czechoslovak Skiers) was not reached earlier than in 1922 when the competitors of German nationality proved extraordinary performance. They soon became the elite of Czechoslovak representatives. Unfortunately due to the atmosphere after the WWII the results of the German nationality skiers were forgotten or even crossed out from the score sheet. The aim of this article is to outline the delicate dilemma of the German nationality skiers and also to bring out their results in selected important competitions during the interwar period.

• MeSH
• asociace (psychologie) MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lyžování dějiny   MeSH
• menšiny dějiny   psychologie   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• mezinárodní spolupráce dějiny   MeSH
• společenskoinstitucionální vztahy zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• sporty dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Německo MeSH