misperceptions
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INTRODUCTION: Research conducted in North America suggests that students tend to overestimate tobacco use among their peers. This perceived norm may impact personal tobacco use. It remains unclear how these perceptions influence tobacco use among European students. The two aims were to investigate possible self-other discrepancies regarding personal use and attitudes towards use and to evaluate if perceptions of peer use and peer approval of use are associated with personal use and approval of tobacco use. METHODS: The EU-funded 'Social Norms Intervention for the prevention of Polydrug usE' study was conducted in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Slovak Republic, Spain, Turkey and United Kingdom. In total, 4482 students (71% female) answered an online survey including questions on personal and perceived tobacco use and personal and perceived attitudes towards tobacco use. RESULTS: Across all countries, the majority of students perceived tobacco use of their peers to be higher than their own use. The perception that the majority (>50%) of peers used tobacco regularly in the past two months was significantly associated with higher odds for personal regular use (OR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.90-3.73). The perception that the majority of peers approve of tobacco use was significantly associated with higher odds for personal approval of tobacco use (OR: 6.49, 95% CI: 4.54-9.28). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived norms are an important predictor of personal tobacco use and attitudes towards use. Interventions addressing perceived norms may be a viable method to change attitudes and tobacco use among European students, and may be a component of future tobacco control policy.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- postoj ke zdraví MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- sociální normy * MeSH
- sociální percepce * MeSH
- studenti psychologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- studie proveditelnosti MeSH
- univerzity MeSH
- užívání tabáku epidemiologie MeSH
- vyrovnaná skupina * MeSH
- zdravotnické přehledy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Communicating the scientific consensus that human-caused climate change is real increases climate change beliefs, worry and support for public action in the United States. In this preregistered experiment, we tested two scientific consensus messages, a classic message on the reality of human-caused climate change and an updated message additionally emphasizing scientific agreement that climate change is a crisis. Across online convenience samples from 27 countries (n = 10,527), the classic message substantially reduces misperceptions (d = 0.47, 95% CI (0.41, 0.52)) and slightly increases climate change beliefs (from d = 0.06, 95% CI (0.01, 0.11) to d = 0.10, 95% CI (0.04, 0.15)) and worry (d = 0.05, 95% CI (-0.01, 0.10)) but not support for public action directly. The updated message is equally effective but provides no added value. Both messages are more effective for audiences with lower message familiarity and higher misperceptions, including those with lower trust in climate scientists and right-leaning ideologies. Overall, scientific consensus messaging is an effective, non-polarizing tool for changing misperceptions, beliefs and worry across different audiences.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- důvěra MeSH
- klimatické změny * MeSH
- komunikace * MeSH
- konsensus * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- veřejné mínění MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The reluctance of people to get vaccinated represents a fundamental challenge to containing the spread of deadly infectious diseases1,2, including COVID-19. Identifying misperceptions that can fuel vaccine hesitancy and creating effective communication strategies to overcome them are a global public health priority3-5. Medical doctors are a trusted source of advice about vaccinations6, but media reports may create an inaccurate impression that vaccine controversy is prevalent among doctors, even when a broad consensus exists7,8. Here we show that public misperceptions about the views of doctors on the COVID-19 vaccines are widespread, and correcting them increases vaccine uptake. We implement a survey among 9,650 doctors in the Czech Republic and find that 90% of doctors trust the vaccines. Next, we show that 90% of respondents in a nationally representative sample (n = 2,101) underestimate doctors' trust; the most common belief is that only 50% of doctors trust the vaccines. Finally, we integrate randomized provision of information about the true views held by doctors into a longitudinal data collection that regularly monitors vaccination status over 9 months. The treatment recalibrates beliefs and leads to a persistent increase in vaccine uptake. The approach demonstrated in this paper shows how the engagement of professional medical associations, with their unparalleled capacity to elicit individual views of doctors on a large scale, can help to create a cheap, scalable intervention that has lasting positive impacts on health behaviour.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- důvěra MeSH
- konsensus * MeSH
- lékaři * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odkládání očkování psychologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- společnosti lékařské MeSH
- vakcinace * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- vakcíny proti COVID-19 * aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- veřejné mínění MeSH
- veřejné zdravotnictví MeSH
- zdravé chování MeSH
- zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe * MeSH
- zdravotní výchova * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- arousal MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy spánku z vnitřních příčin * diagnóza etiologie klasifikace psychologie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Poruchy spánku a ich diagnostika sú predmetom spánkovej medicíny. Úloha sestry je pri realizácii vyšetrenia najmä z pohľadu funkčného zabezpečenia priebehu celonočného snímania a hodnotenia spánku u dospelých a detí nezastupiteľná. Sestra pri celom procese polysomnografického vyšetrenia dodržiava postup podľa metodického odporúčania hlavného odborníka Ministerstva zdravotníctva (MZ) (1). Dôraz sa kladie na prípravu pacienta a jeho pokožky, aplikáciu snímačov a elektród, ako aj kontrolu pacienta počas celej doby trvania vyšetrenia a sledovanie jeho priebehu.
Sleep disrorders and their diagnosis are subject of sleep medicine. The nurse’s role is irreplaceable in the implementation of the examination, especially from the point of view of functional assurance of course of all-night recording and assessment of sleep in adults and children. During the entire process of the polysomnographic examination, the nurse follows the procedure according to the methodological recommendation of the chief expert of the Ministry of Health. Empahasis is placed on the preparation of the patient and his skin, the application of sensors and electrodes, as well as checking the patient throughout the duration of the exa
Živá atenuovaná vakcína proti chřipce, komerčně dostupná od roku 2003, nebyla dosud předepisujícími lékaři široce přijata. Její nedostatečné využívání lze připsat několika špatně pochopeným skutečnostem a obavám, které se živé atenuované vakcíny proti chřipce týkají. V tomto přehledu rozebíráme fakta (bezpečnost, imunogenitu a účelnost) i nejrozšířenější mýty ohledně zmíněné vakcíny. Živá atenuovaná vakcína proti chřipce je bezpečná, vysoce imunogenní a bezpečná. Je dobře snášena; po jejím podání se oproti placebu vyvíjejí pouze mírné a přechodné příznaky infekce horních dýchacích cest, a to i u rizikovějších pacientů- s astmatem nebo v časných stadiích infekce virem lidské imunodeficience. Je imunogenní, a to zejména z hlediska indukce -slizniční imunity. V určitých populacích dokáže živá atenuovaná vakcína proti chřipce zajistit prevenci chřipky stejně účinně jako inaktivovaná vakcína proti chřipce, a někdy i účinněji. Účinnější prevenci chřipky než podání trivalentní inaktivované vakcíny zajišťuje živá atenuovaná vakcína zřejmě tehdy, pokud kmen viru obsažený ve vakcíně přesně neodpovídá cirkulujícímu divokému- viru. Tato vakcína je opředena mnoha mýty a špatně pochopenými skutečnostmi, mezi nimiž dominuje mýtus o genetické reverzi. Aby mohlo dojít k přesmyku kmene viru chřipky obsaženého ve vakcíně na virus divoký, muselo by dojít k nezávislé mutaci čtyř genových segmentů, což je jev nepravděpodobný a dosud nepozorovaný. Ačkoli k vylučování viru obsaženého ve vakcíně dochází běžně, jeho přenos byl potvrzen pouze u jediné osoby, u níž se následně neobjevily žádné -příznaky. Ve věkových skupinách, v nichž je její užití indikováno, představuje živá atenuovaná vakcína proti chřipce bezpečnou a účinnou vakcínu zajišťující prevenci chřipkové infekce.
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), commercially available since 2003, has not gained widespread acceptance among prescribers. This underuse can be traced to several misperceptions and fears regarding LAIV. This review examines both the facts (safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness) and the most pervasive myths about LAIV. Live attenuated influenza vaccine is a safe, highly immunogenic, and effective vaccine. It is well tolerated; only mild and transient upper respiratory infection symptoms occur with LAIV vs placebo, even in higher-risk patients with asthma or the early stages of human immunodeficiency virus. It is immunogenic, especially in induction of mucosal immunity. In certain populations, LAIV is as effective as, and in some cases more effective than, inactivated influenza in preventing influenza infection. It appears to be more effective in preventing influenza infection than trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine when the vaccine virus strain does not closely match that of the circulating wild-type virus. Many myths and misperceptions about the vaccine exist, foremost among them the myth of genetic reversion. Independent mutation in 4 gene segments would be required for reversion of the vaccine strain of influenza virus to a wild type, an unlikely and as yet unobserved event. Although shedding of vaccine virus is common, transmission of vaccine virus has been documented only in a single person, who remained asymptomatic. In the age groups for which it is indicated, LAIV is a safe and effective vaccine to prevent influenza infection.
Sleep abnormalities are frequently found in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is unclear if they are present from the initial stages of PD. We thus aimed to assess sleep disturbances in newly diagnosed PD patients. We investigated 20 untreated PD patients using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the PD Sleep Scale (PDSS). Video-polysomnography and multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) were performed in 15 patients and 15 healthy controls. The ESS score was abnormally high in one patient, while short MSLT times were found in three other patients. The PSQI was higher (p < 0.05) and the PDSS lower (p < 0.001) in patients compared with controls. Video-polysomnography demonstrated a higher percentage of rapid eye movement sleep without atonia (RWA) in patients compared with controls (mean 28 vs. 2.9%, p < 0.001), whereas only one patient had clinically manifested rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Interestingly, the occurrence of RWA correlated with the motor score (ρ = 0.65, p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that sleep disturbances emerge, in a proportion of patients, from the early stages of PD. RWA is a common finding while RBD is rarely present in early untreated PD.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Parkinsonova nemoc komplikace MeSH
- polysomnografie MeSH
- poruchy spánku z vnitřních příčin epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Parents can act as important agents of change and support for healthy childhood growth and development. Studies have found that parents may not be able to accurately perceive their child's weight status. The purpose of this study was to measure parental perceptions of their child's weight status and to identify predictors of potential parental misperceptions. METHODS: We used data from the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative and 22 countries. Parents were asked to identify their perceptions of their children's weight status as "underweight," "normal weight," "a little overweight," or "extremely overweight." We categorized children's (6-9 years; n = 124,296) body mass index (BMI) as BMI-for-age Z-scores based on the 2007 WHO-recommended growth references. For each country included in the analysis and pooled estimates (country level), we calculated the distribution of children according to the WHO weight status classification, distribution by parental perception of child's weight status, percentages of accurate, overestimating, or underestimating perceptions, misclassification levels, and predictors of parental misperceptions using a multilevel logistic regression analysis that included only children with overweight (including obesity). Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 15 1. RESULTS: Overall, 64.1% of parents categorized their child's weight status accurately relative to the WHO growth charts. However, parents were more likely to underestimate their child's weight if the child had overweight (82.3%) or obesity (93.8%). Parents were more likely to underestimate their child's weight if the child was male (adjusted OR [adjOR]: 1.41; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.28-1.55); the parent had a lower educational level (adjOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.26-1.57); the father was asked rather than the mother (adjOR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.98-1.33); and the family lived in a rural area (adjOR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.99-1.24). Overall, parents' BMI was not strongly associated with the underestimation of children's weight status, but there was a stronger association in some countries. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Our study supplements the current literature on factors that influence parental perceptions of their child's weight status. Public health interventions aimed at promoting healthy childhood growth and development should consider parents' knowledge and perceptions, as well as the sociocultural contexts in which children and families live.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nadváha epidemiologie MeSH
- obezita dětí a dospívajících * diagnóza epidemiologie MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- rodiče MeSH
- Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Dědičné metabolické poruchy představují geneticky, biochemicky i klinicky velmi heterogenní skupinu vzácných onemocnění. Tato skupina více než 700 definovaných nemocí postihuje v populaci nejméně 1 z 500 obyvatel. Kolem stovky těchto nemocí je ovlivnitelných léčbou, z nich deset častých a dobře léčitelných dědičných metabolických poruch se v ČR vyhledává v celé populaci novorozeneckým screeningem. Klinické projevy lze na základě dvou patofyziologických mechanismů (hromadění substrátů či nedostatek produktů a dále charakteru abnormálně metabolizované látky – tj. malé nebo komplexní molekuly) klasifikovat do čtyř základních fenotypových skupin. Cílem článku je korigovat některé tradované a nepřesné názory na dědičné metabolické poruchy.
Inborn errors of metabolism are a genetically, biochemically and clinically highly heterogeneous group of mostly rare diseases. This group of more than 700 defined disorders affects at least 1 in 500 individuals in the population. About one hundred of these diseases are treatable, and out of these, the 10 most common and best treatable are a subject of population-wide neonatal screening in the Czech Republic. Clinical symptoms can be classified into four basic phenotypic groups, based on two underlying mechanisms (substrate accumulation versus product depletion, and further on character of the abnormally metabolized compound – i.e. a small or a complex molecule). The aim of this paper is to correct some common misperceptions about inborn errors of metabolism.
- Klíčová slova
- nemoci malých molekul, nemoci komplexních molekul, aminoacidopatie,
- MeSH
- dietoterapie MeSH
- fenylketonurie MeSH
- homocystinurie MeSH
- klinické laboratorní techniky MeSH
- klinický obraz nemoci * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mastné kyseliny metabolismus MeSH
- vrozené poruchy metabolismu * diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- vzácné nemoci * klasifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Pervading global narratives suggest that political polarization is increasing, yet the accuracy of such group meta-perceptions has been drawn into question. A recent US study suggests that these beliefs are inaccurate and drive polarized beliefs about out-groups. However, it also found that informing people of inaccuracies reduces those negative beliefs. In this work, we explore whether these results generalize to other countries. To achieve this, we replicate two of the original experiments with 10,207 participants across 26 countries. We focus on local group divisions, which we refer to as fault lines. We find broad generalizability for both inaccurate meta-perceptions and reduced negative motive attribution through a simple disclosure intervention. We conclude that inaccurate and negative group meta-perceptions are exhibited in myriad contexts and that informing individuals of their misperceptions can yield positive benefits for intergroup relations. Such generalizability highlights a robust phenomenon with implications for political discourse worldwide.
- MeSH
- generalizace (psychologie) MeSH
- komunikační bariéry MeSH
- kultura MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- politika * MeSH
- předsudek * prevence a kontrola psychologie MeSH
- racionalizace MeSH
- skupinové procesy * MeSH
- sociální chování * MeSH
- sociální percepce psychologie MeSH
- sociální změna MeSH
- sociologické faktory MeSH
- srovnání kultur MeSH
- stereotypizace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
