willow Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
The title method was used for phytoremediation of soils. The experiments were performed with leaves of willow (S. smithiana, S. alba, S. rubens and S. dasyclados) grown in soil contaminated with heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb), The ability of the leaves to accumulate these metals was confirmed. The total contents of metals in 0.02 mol l?1 Tris buffer (pH 7.5) and in 1 mol l?1 sodium hydroxide extracts were determined. Size exclusion chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used for separation and determination of metals in the extracts. The metals in the extracts are present mainly in low-molecular-weight fractions (M ? 2 kDa). These fractions were obtained by preparative size exclusion chromatography and refined by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The compounds in the fractions were analyzed by amino acid analysis and MALDI mass spectrometry. The results show that majority of heavy metals in willow biomass remained in insoluble residue whereas the extracts contain substantial amounts of chelating agents, which suggests their role in metal detoxication processes in willow plants.
- MeSH
- chromatografie afinitní metody MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody MeSH
- Salix metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- stopové prvky izolace a purifikace MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza MeSH
Povídka o aspirinu je napínavá a komplikovaná. Pokusili jsme se rozklíčovat úlohu hlavních hrdinů, ale i široké pole biologických účinků kyseliny acetylsalicylové, superléku, jehož použití by dnes odpovědné instituce neschválily, a který i přesto patří k nejužívanějším lékům na Zemi i mimo ni (používali jej kosmonauté projektu Apollo na bolesti zubů). Snažili jsme se co nejvíce používat původní zdroje literatury s cílem narovnat některé dezinformace vyskytující se kolem tohoto tématu. Autoři jsou si vědomi, že Aspirin je chráněný název, který však v běžné lidské mluvě „zlidověl“.
The story of aspirin is exciting and complicated. We tried to decipher the role of the main characters, as well as a wide field of pharmacological roles of acetylsalicylic acid, a super-drug, which would not be approved by responsible institutions today but which is still one of the most used medicines on the Earth, as well as in the space (it was used by the astronauts in the Apollo project). Original literature sources were used as much as possible to clean up some misinformation around the topic. The authors are aware that Aspirin is a trademarked name but it has become "popular" in common human speech.
- MeSH
- Aspirin dějiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- fytoterapie dějiny MeSH
- kůra rostlin MeSH
- léčivé přípravky * dějiny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- objevování léků dějiny MeSH
- Salix MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- historické články MeSH
To characterize the phytoextraction efficiency of two clones of willow trees (Salix x smithiana Willd., Salix rubens) and two clones of poplar trees (Populus nigra x maximowiczii, Populus nigra Wolterson) were planted in contaminated soil (0.4-2.0 mg Cd.kg(-1), 78-313 mg Zn.kg(-1), 21.3-118 mg Cu.kg(-1)). Field experiment was carried out in Czech Republic. The study investigated their ability to accumulate heavy metals (Cd, Zn, and Cu) in harvestable plant parts. The poplars produced higher amount of biomass than willows. Both Salix clones accumulated higher amount of Cd, Zn and Cu in their biomass (maximum 6.8 mg Cd.kg(-1), 909 mg Zn.kg(-1), and 17.7 mg Cu.kg(-1)) compared to Populus clones (maximum 2.06 mg Cd.kg(-1), 463 mg Zn.kg(-1), and 11.8 mg Cu.kg(-1)). There were no significant differences between clones of individual species. BCs for Cd and Zn were greater than 1 (the highest in willow leaves). BCs values of Cu were very low. These results indicate that Salix is more suitable plant for phytoextraction of Cd and Zn than Populus. The Cu phytoextraction potential of Salix and Populus trees was not confirmed in this experiment due to low soil availability of this element.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- kadmium analýza metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- měď analýza metabolismus MeSH
- Populus chemie metabolismus MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- Salix chemie metabolismus MeSH
- stromy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- zinek analýza metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The story of aspirin is exciting and complicated. We tried to decipher the role of the main characters, as well as a wide field of pharmacological roles of acetylsalicylic acid, a super-drug, which would not be approved by responsible institutions today but which is still one of the most used medicines on the Earth, as well as in the space (it was used by the astronauts in the Apollo project). Original literature sources were used as much as possible to clean up some misinformation around the topic. The authors are aware that Aspirin is a trademarked name but it has become "popular" in common human speech.
- MeSH
- analgetika chemie MeSH
- antipyretika chemie MeSH
- Aspirin * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- fytoterapie * metody MeSH
- inhibitory agregace trombocytů chemie MeSH
- léčivé přípravky * chemie dějiny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- salicylany chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Salix chemie fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
The biomass productivity of the energy willow Salix viminalis as a short-rotation woody crop depends on organ structure and functions that are under the control of genome size. Colchicine treatment of axillary buds resulted in a set of autotetraploid S. viminalis var. Energo genotypes (polyploid Energo [PP-E]; 2n = 4x = 76) with variation in the green pixel-based shoot surface area. In cases where increased shoot biomass was observed, it was primarily derived from larger leaf size and wider stem diameter. Autotetraploidy slowed primary growth and increased shoot diameter (a parameter of secondary growth). The duplicated genome size enlarged bark and wood layers in twigs sampled in the field. The PP-E plants developed wider leaves with thicker midrib and enlarged palisade parenchyma cells. Autotetraploid leaves contained significantly increased amounts of active gibberellins, cytokinins, salicylic acid, and jasmonate compared with diploid individuals. Greater net photosynthetic CO2 uptake was detected in leaves of PP-E plants with increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Improved photosynthetic functions in tetraploids were also shown by more efficient electron transport rates of photosystems I and II. Autotetraploidization increased the biomass of the root system of PP-E plants relative to diploids. Sections of tetraploid roots showed thickening with enlarged cortex cells. Elevated amounts of indole acetic acid, active cytokinins, active gibberellin, and salicylic acid were detected in the root tips of these plants. The presented variation in traits of tetraploid willow genotypes provides a basis to use autopolyploidization as a chromosome engineering technique to alter the organ development of energy plants in order to improve biomass productivity.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin genetika MeSH
- diploidie MeSH
- dřevo genetika fyziologie MeSH
- duplikace chromozomů MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fotosyntéza genetika fyziologie MeSH
- genom rostlinný genetika MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- karotenoidy metabolismus MeSH
- konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
- kořeny rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- kůra rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- Salix genetika fyziologie MeSH
- stonky rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- tetraploidie * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
A three-year experiment was conducted to investigate willows of Salix × smithiana Willd. (S. smithiana) phytoremediation of soil contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived by fly ash from biomass combustion. The total removal of ash PAHs in phytoremediation treatment was 50.9% after three consecutive years while the ash PAHs were decreased in natural attenuated soil by 9.9% in the end of the experiment. The ash and spiked PAHs with low and medium molecular weight were susceptible to be removed in higher rates than high molecular weight PAHs. Lower bioconcentration factors of individual PAHs were observed in willow shoots than in roots. The estimated relative direct removal of PAHs by S. smithiana in phytoremediation was significantly lower than 1% suggesting that the contribution of S. smithiana to take up PAHs from soil was negligible and the degradation of PAHs occurred mainly in soil. Phytoremediation using S. smithiana could be seen as a feasible and environmentally friendly approach of arable soils impacted by a PAH contaminated biomass fly ash.
Plant-insect food webs tend to be dominated by interactions resulting from diffuse co-evolution between plants and multiple lineages of herbivores rather than by reciprocal co-evolution and co-cladogenesis. Plants therefore require defence strategies effective against a broad range of herbivore species. In one extreme, plants could develop a single universal defence effective against all herbivorous insects, or tailor-made strategies for each herbivore species. The evolution and ecology of plant defence has to be studied with entire insect assemblages, rather than small subsets of pairwise interactions. The present study examines whether specialists and generalists in three coexisting insect lineages, forming the leaf-chewing guild, respond uniformly to plant phylogeny, secondary metabolites, nutrient content and mechanical antiherbivore defences of their hosts, thus permitting universal plant defence strategies against specialized and generalist folivorous insects from various taxa. The extensive data on folivorous assemblages comprising three insect orders and 193 species are linked with plant phylogeny, secondary chemistry (salicylates, flavonoids and tannins), leaf morphological traits [specific leaf area (SLA) and trichome coverage], nutrient (C : N) content and growth form of eight willow (Salix) and one aspen (Populus) species growing in sympatry. Generalists responded to overall host plant chemistry and trichomes, whilst specialists responded to host plant phylogeny and secondary metabolites that are unique to willows and that are capable of being utilized as an antipredator protection. We did not find any significant impact of other plant traits, that is SLA, C : N ratio, flavonoids, tannins and growth form, on the composition of leaf-chewing communities. Our results show that the response to plant traits is differential among specialists and generalists. This finding constrains the ability of plants to develop defensive traits universally effective against herbivores and may lead to diversification of plant defensive mechanisms into several complementary syndromes, required for effective protection against generalists and specialists from multiple insect taxa comprising most leaf-chewing assemblages. These results point to the necessity of broad studies of plant-herbivore interactions, across multiple insect taxa and guilds.
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- býložravci * MeSH
- flavonoidy analýza MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hmyz fyziologie MeSH
- listy rostlin anatomie a histologie chemie MeSH
- Populus anatomie a histologie chemie MeSH
- salicylany analýza MeSH
- Salix anatomie a histologie chemie genetika MeSH
- taniny analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Fast-growing clones of Salix and Populus have been studied for remediation of soils contaminated by risk elements (RE) using short-rotation coppice plantations. Our aim was to assess biomass yield and distributions of elements in wood and bark of highly productive willow (S1--[Salix schwerinii × Salix viminalis] × S. viminalis, S2--Salix × smithiana clone S-218) and poplar (P1--Populus maximowiczii × Populus nigra, P2--P. nigra) clones with respect to aging. The field experiment was established in April 2008 on moderately Cd-, Pb- and Zn- contaminated soil. Shoots were harvested after four seasons (February 2012) and separated into annual classes of wood and bark. All tested clones grew on contaminated soils, with highest biomass production and lowest mortality exhibited by P1 and S2. Concentrations of elements, with exception of Ca and Pb, decreased with age and were higher in bark than in wood. The Salix clones were characterised by higher removal of Cd, Mn and Zn compared to the Populus clones. Despite generally higher RE content in young shoots, partly due to lower wood/bark ratios and higher RE concentrations in bark, the overall removal of RE was higher in older wood classes due to higher biomass yield. Thus, longer rotations seem to be more effective when phytoextraction strategy is considered. Of the four selected clones, S1 exhibited the best removal of Cd and Zn and is a good candidate for phytoextraction.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- dřevo metabolismus MeSH
- kůra rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus MeSH
- Populus metabolismus MeSH
- prvky MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí * MeSH
- Salix metabolismus MeSH
- těžké kovy metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Willows (Salix spp.) are considered to be effective for the phytoremediation of trace elements from contaminated soils, but their efficiency is limited in heavily polluted soils because of poor growth. Liming can be a desirable measure to decrease the plant availability of elements, resulting in improved plant development. Notably, large root area and maximum soil penetration are basic parameters that improve the efficiency of phytoremediation. The impact of soil chemical properties on willow root anatomy and the distribution of trace elements below-ground have rarely been studied. The effect of liming on root parameters, biomass allocation and trace element distribution in non-harvestable (coarse roots, fine roots, stumps) and harvestable plant parts (twigs and leaves) of Salix × smithiana was assessed at the end of a 4-year pot experiment with two trace element-polluted soils that differed in terms of soil pH. Stump biomass predominated in weakly acidic soil. In neutral soil, the majority of biomass was located in fine roots and stumps; the difference from other plant parts was minor. Trace elements were the most concentrated in fine roots. Translocation to above-ground biomass increased as follows: Pb < As < Zn~Cd. In contrast to Cd and Zn, great differences in As and Pb mobility in plants were recorded after measurements of individual below-ground biomass (stumps < coarse roots < fine roots). Lime application decreased the concentrations of mobile Cd and Zn and related levels in plants, improved biomass production and root parameters and increased the removal of all trace elements in weakly acidic soil. None or minimum differences in the monitored parameters were recorded for dolomite treatments in both soils. The dose and source of liming had crucial effects on root anatomy. Growing willows in limed trace element-polluted soils is a suitable measure for combination of two remediation strategies, i.e. phytoextraction of Cd and Zn and assisted phytostabilization of As and Pb.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- kořeny rostlin anatomie a histologie účinky léků MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- oxidy chemie MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- Salix účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- sloučeniny vápníku chemie MeSH
- stopové prvky analýza metabolismus MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Phytomanagement of trace element-contaminated soils can reduce soil toxicity and restore soil ecological functions, including the soil gas exchange with the atmosphere. We studied the emission rate of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, and N2O; the potential CH4 oxidation; denitrification enzyme activity (DEA), and glucose mineralization of a Cu-contaminated soil amended with dolomitic limestone and compost, alone or in combination, after a 2-year phytomanagement with a mixed stand of Populus nigra, Salix viminalis, S. caprea, and Amorpha fruticosa. Soil microbial biomass and microbial community composition after analysis of the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profile were determined. Phytomanagement significantly reduced Cu availability and soil toxicity, increased soil microbial biomass and glucose mineralization capacity, changed the composition of soil microbial communities, and increased the CO2 and N2O emission rates and DEA. Despite such increases, microbial communities were evolving toward less GHG emission per unit of microbial biomass than in untreated soils. Overall, the aided phytostabilization option would allow methanotrophic populations to establish in the remediated soils due to decreased soil toxicity and increased nutrient availability.
