yeast colonies Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
We summarize current knowledge regarding regulatory functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in yeast, with emphasis on lncRNAs identified recently in yeast colonies and biofilms. Potential regulatory functions of these lncRNAs in differentiated cells of domesticated colonies adapted to plentiful conditions versus yeast colony biofilms are discussed. We show that specific cell types differ in their complements of lncRNA, that this complement changes over time in differentiating upper cells, and that these lncRNAs target diverse functional categories of genes in different cell subpopulations and specific colony types.
- MeSH
- biofilmy růst a vývoj MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- RNA dlouhá nekódující metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae patogenita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Multicellular structures formed by yeasts and other microbes are valuable models for investigating the processes of cell-cell interaction and pattern formation, as well as cell signaling and differentiation. These processes are essential for the organization and development of diverse microbial communities that are important in everyday life. Two major types of multicellular structures are formed by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on semisolid agar. These are colonies formed by laboratory or domesticated strains and structured colony biofilms formed by wild strains. These structures differ in spatiotemporal organization and cellular differentiation. Using state-of-the-art microscopy and mutant analysis, we investigated the distribution of cells within colonies and colony biofilms and the involvement of specific processes therein. We show that prominent differences between colony and biofilm structure are determined during early stages of development and are associated with the different distribution of growing cells. Two distinct cell distribution patterns were identified-the zebra-type and the leopard-type, which are genetically determined. The role of Flo11p in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix production is essential for leopard-type distribution, because FLO11 deletion triggers the switch to zebra-type cell distribution. However, both types of cell organization are independent of cell budding polarity and cell separation as determined using respective mutants.
Microorganisms in nature form organized multicellular structures (colonies, biofilms) possessing properties absent in individual cells. These are often related to the better ability of communities to survive long-lasting starvation and stress and include mechanisms of adaptation and cell specialization. Thus, yeast colonies pass through distinct developmental phases characterized by changes in pH and the production of ammonia-signalling molecules. Here, we show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae colony transition between major developmental phases (first acidic, alkali, second acidic) is accompanied by striking transcription changes, while the development within each particular phase is guided mostly at the post-transcriptional level. First- and second-acidic-phase colonies markedly differ. Second-acidic-phase colonies maintain the adaptive metabolism activated in the ammonia-producing period, supplemented by additional changes, which begin after colonies enter the second acidic phase. Cells with particular properties are not homogenously dispersed throughout the colony population, but localize to specific colony regions. Thus, cells located at the colony margin are able to export higher amounts of ammonium than central cells and to activate an adaptive metabolism. In contrast, central chronologically aged cells are unable to undergo these changes but they maintain higher levels of various stress-defence enzymes. These divergent properties of both cell types determine their consequent dissimilar fate.
When growing on solid surfaces, yeast, like other microorganisms, develops organized multicellular populations (colonies and biofilms) that are composed of differentiated cells with specialized functions. Life within these populations is a prevalent form of microbial existence in natural settings that provides the cells with capabilities to effectively defend against environmental attacks as well as efficiently adapt and survive long periods of starvation and other stresses. Under such circumstances, the fate of an individual yeast cell is subordinated to the profit of the whole population. In the past decade, yeast colonies, with their complicated structure and high complexity that are also developed under laboratory conditions, have become an excellent model for studies of various basic cellular processes such as cell interaction, signaling, and differentiation. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge on the processes related to chronological aging, adaptation, and longevity of a colony cell population and of its differentiated cell constituents. These processes contribute to the colony ability to survive long periods of starvation and mostly differ from the survival strategies of individual yeast cells.
- MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dlouhověkost fyziologie MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace MeSH
- kvasinky cytologie růst a vývoj metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
During development of yeast colonies, various cell subpopulations form, which differ in their properties and specifically localize within the structure. Three branches of mitochondrial retrograde (RTG) signaling play a role in colony development and differentiation, each of them activating the production of specific markers in different cell types. Here, aiming to identify proteins and processes controlled by the RTG pathway, we analyzed proteomes of individual cell subpopulations from colonies of strains, mutated in genes of the RTG pathway. Resulting data, along with microscopic analyses revealed that the RTG pathway predominantly regulates processes in U cells, long-lived cells with unique properties, which are localized in upper colony regions. Rtg proteins therein activate processes leading to amino acid biosynthesis, including transport of metabolic intermediates between compartments, but also repress expression of mitochondrial ribosome components, thus possibly contributing to reduced mitochondrial translation in U cells. The results reveal the RTG pathway's role in activating metabolic processes, important in U cell adaptation to altered nutritional conditions. They also point to the important role of Rtg regulators in repressing mitochondrial activity in U cells.
- MeSH
- aminokyseliny metabolismus MeSH
- analýza jednotlivých buněk MeSH
- biosyntetické dráhy genetika MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- mitochondrie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteom genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteomika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u hub genetika MeSH
- represorové proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetika metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce genetika MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- transkripční faktory BHLH-Zip genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The lifestyle of wild and laboratory yeast strains significantly differs. In contrast to the smooth colonies of laboratory strains, wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains form biofilm-like, strikingly structured colonies possessing distinctive traits enabling them to better survive in hostile environments in the wild. Here, comparing three sets of strains forming differently structured colonies (fluffy, semi-fluffy and smooth), each derived from ancestors with distinct genetic backgrounds isolated from natural settings (BR-88, BR-99 and BR-103), we specified the factors essential for the formation of structured colonies, i.e. for the lifestyle most likely to be preferred in the wild. The ability to form an abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the features typical for structured colonies. ECM influences colony architecture and many other physiological properties, such as the capability to retain water in a 2-fold surplus to wet cell biomass. ECM composition, however, differs among distinct strains, depending on their particular genetic background. We further show that the expression of certain genes (AQY1, FLO11) is also strictly related to the particular colony morphology, being highest in the most structured colonies. Flo11p adhesin, important for cell-cell and cell-surface adhesion, is essential for the formation of fluffy colonies and thus significantly contributes to the phenotype variability of wild yeast strains. On the other hand, surprisingly, neither the cell shape nor budding pattern nor the ability to form pseudohyphae directly influences the formation of three-dimensional fluffy colony architecture.
Colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strains pass through specific developmental phases when growing on solid respiratory medium. During entry into the so-called alkali phase, in which ammonia signaling is initiated, 2 prominent cell types are formed within the colonies: U cells in upper colony regions, which have a longevity phenotype and activate the expression of a large number of metabolic genes, and L cells in lower regions, which die more quickly and exhibit a starvation phenotype. Here, we performed a detailed analysis of the activities of enzymes of central carbon metabolism in lysates of both cell types and determined several fermentation end products, showing that previously reported expression differences are reflected in the different enzymatic capabilities of each cell type. Hence, U cells, despite being grown on respiratory medium, behave as fermenting cells, whereas L cells rely on respiratory metabolism and possess active gluconeogenesis. Using a spectrum of different inhibitors, we showed that glycolysis is essential for the formation, and particularly, the survival of U cells. We also showed that β-1,3-glucans that are released from the cell walls of L cells are the most likely source of carbohydrates for U cells.
- MeSH
- beta-glukany metabolismus MeSH
- buněčná stěna metabolismus MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fermentace * účinky léků MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- glykolýza * účinky léků MeSH
- inhibitory enzymů farmakologie MeSH
- kultivační média chemie metabolismus MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita MeSH
- mikrobiologické techniky metody MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae účinky léků enzymologie genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- sériové pasážování MeSH
- substrátová specifita MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Much like other microorganisms, wild yeasts preferentially form surface-associated communities, such as biofilms and colonies, that are well protected against hostile environments and, when growing as pathogens, against the host immune system. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the spatiotemporal development and environmental resistance of biofilms and colonies remain largely unknown. In this paper, we show that a biofilm yeast colony is a finely tuned, complex multicellular organism in which specialized cells jointly execute multiple protection strategies. These include a Pdr1p-regulated mechanism whereby multidrug resistance transporters Pdr5p and Snq2p expel external compounds solely within the surface cell layers as well as developmentally regulated production by internal cells of a selectively permeable extracellular matrix. The two mechanisms act in concert during colony development, allowing growth of new cell generations in a well-protected internal cavity of the colony. Colony architecture is strengthened by intercellular fiber connections.
- MeSH
- ABC transportéry genetika metabolismus MeSH
- biofilmy růst a vývoj MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- delece genu MeSH
- DNA vazebné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- extracelulární matrix fyziologie MeSH
- galaktokinasa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- galaktosa metabolismus MeSH
- hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reduktasy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- měď metabolismus MeSH
- membránové glykoproteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- metalothionein genetika metabolismus MeSH
- oxaziny metabolismus MeSH
- permeabilita MeSH
- profiliny genetika MeSH
- proteiny buněčného cyklu genetika MeSH
- proteiny spojené s mnohočetnou rezistencí k lékům genetika metabolismus MeSH
- rekombinantní fúzní proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytologie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- transkripční faktory genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zelené fluorescenční proteiny genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
