OBJECTIVES: Regarding the environmental pollution, platinum group elements (PGE) are in the centre of interest of current research. These rare elements are used as effective substances in automotive catalysts to reduce pollution by emissions originating from fuel combustion. Due to their harmful potential, it is necessary to monitor their content and behaviour in different samples. Comprehensive studies on PGE behaviour and effects are still lacking. Their distribution in the food chain and data on bioaccumulation has not been described so far. METHODS: We focused on reproductive effects of platinum (PtCl4), in particular. Our study is based on a collembolan laboratory breed, test optimalization and validation according to the OECD 232 standards [CSN ISO 11267 - Soil quality - Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutants]. The concentrations of PtCl4 tested were as follows: 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µM. The EC50 was determined after 28 days of testing. RESULTS: The results were evaluated using the inhibition of reproduction compared with controls. The EC50 was determined after the 28-day test. The value of 28dEC50 of the boric acid test was estimated at 120 mg/kg and the measured 28dEC50 of PtCl4 was 200.4 µM. CONCLUSION: The presented data can be considered as a step forward in the assessment of the potential risk of platinum in the terrestrial environment. However, more toxicity data for various species are needed to evaluate the environmental risk of platinum in soils.
- MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- členovci účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu toxicita MeSH
- platina toxicita MeSH
- rozmnožování účinky léků MeSH
- sloučeniny platiny toxicita MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that a combination of cyanobacterial biomass containing microcystins, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and anticoagulant can enhance avian toxic effects produced by single exposures only. METHODS: A total of 48 two-month-old Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with average body weight of 160 g were randomly divided into 8 experimental groups of six birds and sex ratio of 1:1. Experimental groups of control Japanese quails (C) and birds exposed to single and combined sub-lethal doses of paraoxon (P), bromadiolone (B), and microcystins in cyanobacterial biomass (M) included: C, P, P+B, B, B+M, P+M, M, and P+B+M. During the 10-day exposure birds in the respective groups received biomass containing 61.62 µg microcystins daily (i.e. 26.54 µg MC-RR, 7.62 µg MC-YR and 27.39 µg MC-LR), two 250 μg/kg doses of paraoxon, and two 500 mg/kg doses of bromadiolone. Group responses were compared using standard plasma biochemistry and antioxidant/oxidative stress parameters in tissues. RESULTS: While single and double combinations of toxicants induced responses in individual biochemical parameters measured and evaluated using univariate statistical analysis, those in the triple exposure were most extensive. The principal component analysis of antioxidant/oxidative stress parameters (glutathione reductase, lipid peroxidation, and ferric reducing antioxidant power) in tissues (liver, kidney, heart, brain, lungs, gonads, and pectoralis major muscle) clearly separated the triple group (P+B+M) from all single and double exposure groups and the control and indicated thus marked joint effects in the overall pattern of antioxidant/oxidative stress responses of this group. The separation was driven by the modification of the ferric reducing antioxidant power levels in heart and brain and the cardiac lipid peroxidation level, in particular. CONCLUSIONS: This experiment contributes to the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of combined sub-lethal exposure to natural toxins and agrochemicals and may be used for risk assessment of environmental pollution in birds.
- MeSH
- 4-hydroxykumariny toxicita MeSH
- antikoagulancia toxicita MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory toxicita MeSH
- Coturnix * MeSH
- játra účinky léků MeSH
- karcinogeny toxicita MeSH
- kosterní svaly účinky léků MeSH
- ledviny účinky léků MeSH
- mikrocystiny toxicita MeSH
- mozek účinky léků MeSH
- náhodné rozdělení MeSH
- paraoxon toxicita MeSH
- plíce účinky léků MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- sinice chemie MeSH
- srdce účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Cyanobacteria are studied from the viewpoint of the issue of risks to water supply, agriculture and recreational activities for a long time. Cyanobacteria produce a wide range of substances which can be toxic and can influence the safety and quality of fish products. The aim of this study was to determine whether the diet with the content of cyanobacteria can affect the water activity and the dry matter of fish muscle and whether this diet can contribute significantly to the shelf life of fish muscles. METHODS: Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were used in this study. Both fish species were divided into two groups. The first group of fish was fed with feed with cyanobacteria (3% of dry matter), the second group with feed without cyanobacteria. The water activity and the dry matter were monitored immediately after sampling of the fish muscle on day 7, 14 and 21 (carp) or on day 10, 20 and 30 (rainbow trout) and seven days after every sampling and cold storage (6-8 °C). RESULTS: Feed with the content of cyanobacteria significantly decreased the water activity in muscles of both fish species on day 21 (in carp) and on day 30 (in rainbow trout). The dry matter of fish muscle significantly increased on day 7 and 21 (in carp) and on day 10 and 30, but decreased on day 20 (in rainbow trout). The cold storage significantly influenced the dry matter only. While the dry matter was increased in the common carp (7 days of cold storage after sampling on days 14 and 21), the dry matter decreased in the rainbow trout (7 days of cold storage after sampling on day 10). CONCLUSIONS: The decrease of water activity was found only after longer exposure in the both exposed fish species. The dry matter was influenced far greater and was mostly increased in the both exposed fish species.
- MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny toxicita MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- kapři růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- kosterní svaly anatomie a histologie růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata * MeSH
- kryoprezervace MeSH
- mikrocystiny toxicita MeSH
- mořské toxiny toxicita MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- plavání fyziologie MeSH
- sinice * MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- vodní hospodářství metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Previous studies using oral administration of environmentally relevant doses of cyanobacterial biomass containing microcystins (MCs) induced only sub-lethal effects in experimental birds. Therefore, the objective of this study was to obtain data on avian high-dose toxicity of MCs and compute LD50, if possible, following the natural oral route of administration. DESIGN: Responses of birds to single high-dose exposure to MCs were evaluated in fourteen-day old Japanese quail males (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with average body weight of 50 g which were randomly divided into five groups. Birds from four experimental groups were administered 7.5 ml of cyanobacterial biomass suspension containing increasing MCs quantities of 2500, 5000, 10000, and 20000 µg/kg using oral gavage. Controls received an equal dose of drinking water instead of the test substance. Birds were observed for clinical signs of acute toxicity. Survivors were killed on day 5 to obtain body and liver weights. A five-grade semi-quantitative system for histopathological liver damage scoring was used to compare cyanobacterial-biomass-exposed birds against controls. RESULTS: No mortality occurred during the period of five days post exposure in both control and MCs-exposed groups and this high-dose experiment failed to provide data to compute the LD50. Nevertheless, marked sub-lethal effects were recognised in the damage of liver that included dose-dependent changes in the body/liver ratios and morphological changes ranging from mild vacuolar dystrophy to focal liver necroses in the highest exposure group. Hepatic lesions were mainly observed in the pericentral area of the liver. CONCLUSIONS: Though maximum cyanobacterial biomass dose rates that could be administered to birds of the size were used in the present experiment and more pronounced hepatic lesions than after exposure to environmentally relevant doses were observed, birds would probably have survived unless killed for histopathology on day 5 of exposure. These results provide support to previously reported data on sub-lethal effects following exposure to cyanobacterial biomass containing MCs in birds and mortality occurring only in birds under combined action with other stressors.
- MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny toxicita MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- Coturnix * MeSH
- hepatocyty účinky léků patologie MeSH
- karcinogeny toxicita MeSH
- LD50 MeSH
- lékové postižení jater epidemiologie patologie MeSH
- mikrocystiny toxicita MeSH
- mořské toxiny toxicita MeSH
- náhodné rozdělení MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- sinice chemie MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- velikost orgánu MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Pharmaceuticals and heavy metals such as diclofenac and lead, respectively, have been identified as environmental contaminants toxic to birds and posing serious threats to declining populations of raptors worldwide. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a sublethal combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and lead induces more pronounced effects than single exposures in birds. METHODS: A total of 40 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at the age of 2 months and average weight of 180g were on a random basis divided into four experimental groups of 10 specimens (i.e., control, diclofenac, lead, and lead+diclofenac exposures). Six lead shots in the total weight of 1.5 grams were inserted into the crop on day 0 of the experiment, while a total of 5 mg/kg of diclofenac administered intramuscularly were divided into treatments on days 0 and 5. Group responses were compared using haematology and biochemistry after 10 days. RESULTS: There was no mortality in control and both single and combined diclofenac and lead exposure groups, nor did the birds show any clinical signs of intoxication. Univariate analyses of blood parameters yielded a decrease in haematocrit in birds exposed to both substances when compared with the control, a lower haemoglobin level of the lead-exposed group, increased activity of aspartate aminotransferase in the NSAIDs-exposed group, increased activity of alkaline phosphatase in birds exposed to a combination of diclofenac and lead, and a higher phosphorus level in the lead-exposed group. The principal component analysis revealed no multivariate pattern of responses of blood parameters and did not allow separation of exposure groups from controls when the variables and samples were projected onto a two dimensional space. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present study can enhance understanding of combination toxicity of veterinary drugs and heavy metals in birds, i.e. a scenario that has become environmentally relevant in recent decades. Fortunately, individual blood parameter effects prevailed and no joint mortal effects were recognised in Japanese quails exposed to a combination of sublethal doses of diclofenac and lead.
- MeSH
- antiflogistika nesteroidní toxicita MeSH
- Coturnix * MeSH
- diklofenak toxicita MeSH
- gastrointestinální trakt účinky léků MeSH
- hemoglobiny metabolismus MeSH
- krevní proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí toxicita MeSH
- náhodné rozdělení MeSH
- olovo toxicita MeSH
- otrava olovem krev mortalita MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- synergismus léků MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This study evaluated the influence of toxic cyanobacterial water blooms on the blood indices of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Experimental fish were exposed to a natural population of cyanobacterial water blooms (mainly Microcystis aeruginosa and M. ichthyoblabe), which contained microcystins [total concentration 133-284 μg g⁻¹ (DW), concentration in water 2.8-7.4 μg L⁻¹]. Haematological indices showed marked changes in fish exposed to the cyanobacterial population in comparison with the control group. Statistical evaluation of the influence of cyanobacterial water blooms on biochemical indices of the juvenile carp showed a distinct decrease in albumin, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, calcium, cholesterol, glucose, phosphorus and iron when compared to controls. Values of red blood counts [haemoglobin, haematocrit (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration] and lactate were significantly increased compared to controls. After exposure to cyanobacterial water bloom, the carp were kept in clean water to monitor the persistence of biochemical indices. The influence of cyanobacterial populations on calcium, cholesterol, glucose, lactate, phosphorus and PCV persisted up to 28 days after conclusion of the experiment. Duration of exposure, toxicity and density of cyanobacterial water blooms had an important impact on individual haematological indices.
- MeSH
- alanintransaminasa krev MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny krev toxicita MeSH
- bilirubin krev MeSH
- cholesterol krev MeSH
- eutrofizace účinky léků MeSH
- fosfor krev MeSH
- kapři krev metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- krevní glukóza analýza MeSH
- kyselina mléčná krev MeSH
- Microcystis účinky léků MeSH
- mikrocystiny krev metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- mořské toxiny krev toxicita MeSH
- počet erytrocytů veterinární MeSH
- rybí proteiny krev metabolismus MeSH
- sérový albumin analýza MeSH
- vápník krev MeSH
- železo krev MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate biochemical and oxidative stress responses to experimental F. tularensis infection in European brown hares, an important source of human tularemia infections. METHODS: For these purposes we compared the development of an array of biochemical parameters measured in blood plasma using standard procedures of dry chemistry as well as electrochemical devices following a subcutaneous infection with a wild Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica strain (a single dose of 2.6 × 10⁹ CFU pro toto). RESULTS: Subcutaneous inoculation of a single dose with 2.6 × 10⁹ colony forming units of a wild F. tularensis strain pro toto resulted in the death of two out of five hares. Plasma chemistry profiles were examined on days 2 to 35 post-infection. When compared to controls, the total protein, urea, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were increased, while albumin, glucose and amylase were decreased. Both uric and ascorbic acids and glutathione dropped on day 2 and then increased significantly on days 6 to 12 and 6 to 14 post-inoculation, respectively. There was a two-fold increase in lipid peroxidation on days 4 to 8 post-inoculation. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to all expectations, the present study demonstrates that the European brown hare shows relatively low susceptibility to tularemia. Therefore, the circumstances of tularemia in hares under natural conditions should be further studied.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- Francisella tularensis MeSH
- látky reagující s kyselinou thiobarbiturovou MeSH
- oxidační stres MeSH
- sérový albumin metabolismus MeSH
- tularemie metabolismus patologie veterinární MeSH
- zajíci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of toxic cyanobacterial water blooms on blood indices in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Experimental fish were exposed to natural cyanobacterial water blooms (consisting mainly of Microcystis aeruginosa and M. ichthyoblabe) which contained microcystins (total concentration 1187 - 1211 μg g-1 of dry weight and 17.4 - 25.4 μg l-1 of water) for 28 days without additional feeding. Control groups of fish were kept in another pond without apparent cyanobacterial bloom formation. Experimental and control rearing ponds had the same water source. After exposure, fish were placed in dechlorinated potable water for the same period. Statistical evaluation of the influence of cyanobacterial water bloom on biochemical indices of experimental fish showed a distinct increase of alkaline phosphatase (p ⪬ 0.05), total bilirubin (p ⪬ 0.001), creatinine (p ⪬ 0.01), lactate (p ⪬ 0.01) and urea (p ⪬ 0.01) when compared to controls. After transfer to the dechlorinated potable water the experimental group showed significantly lower values of phosphorus (p ⪬ 0.001), urea (p ⪬ 0.01) and cholinesterase (p ⪬ 0.05) and higher values of lactate (p ⪬ 0.05) and iron (p ⪬ 0.05) compared to controls. It may be concluded that the exposure of the Nile tilapia to the environment containing cyanobacterial water bloom influenced only some biochemical indices. However, this modulation is to a much lower degree compared to the common carp and silver carp.
- MeSH
- alkalická fosfatasa krev MeSH
- bilirubin krev MeSH
- biologické markery * krev MeSH
- cholinesterasy krev MeSH
- fosfor krev MeSH
- hematologické testy * MeSH
- kreatinin krev MeSH
- laktasa krev MeSH
- laktáty krev MeSH
- Microcystis * metabolismus patogenita MeSH
- mikrocystiny farmakologie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- močovina krev MeSH
- rybníky MeSH
- sinice klasifikace patogenita MeSH
- Tilapia MeSH
- železo krev MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
