We present a study focused on those factors influencing dominance position in young horses, with emphasis on the role of the mother. Horses, as other group-living polygynous mammals, form stable linear dominance hierarchies based on agonistic interactions. Higher dominance positions are believed to be connected, in both sexes, to better condition and higher reproductive success. Many variables play a role in forming the dominant-submissive relationships between horses; however, the maternal effect on the dominance position of the offspring still remains unclear, as do the possible mechanisms of transference ("inheritance"). We hypothesized that the maternal dominance position, plus differences in suckling parameters or maternal style, may be responsible for later outcome of the offspring's dominance position, characterized by 2 variables: index of fighting success (CB); and rate of winning encounters (RW). Our study animals were 8 groups of Kladruby horses, loose-housed lactating mares with foals (n = 66 mare-foal pairs); and subsequently 4 groups of the same foals at 3 yr of age. Our results revealed the impact of age on the dominance position of the young horses (P < 0.001 for CB, and P < 0.01 for RW), and residence in the group (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively); not the maternal dominance position. Older foals reached higher dominance positions, independent of the dominance position, age, or experience of the mother; therefore, we did not find support for direct inheritance of maternal rank. Nevertheless, the foals born to the same mare in 2 consecutive seasons (n = 16 mares) revealed fair repeatability in the dominance position they obtained at 3 yr of age (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.46). This suggests an important constant effect of the mother on the social success of her progeny; however, we did not find a significant effect of any of the tested variables describing maternal characteristics or maternal care. Dominance position depended significantly on the foal's age at observation, and the residence in the herd formed via sequential introducing of later-weaned groups of foals. The most dominant horses were mainly recruited from the first-weaned group of the season, and thus were also the oldest individuals in the herd. Further research is needed to discover the role of foal personality and mare style, and their links to possible dominance behaviors in a herd.
- MeSH
- agrese fyziologie MeSH
- chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- koně fyziologie MeSH
- laktace fyziologie MeSH
- mateřské chování fyziologie MeSH
- odstavení MeSH
- sociální chování MeSH
- sociální dominance * MeSH
- sourozenci MeSH
- stárnutí fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The preorbital gland plays not only an olfactory role in cervids but also a visual one. Opening this gland is an easy way for the calf to communicate with the mother, indicating hunger/satiety, stress, pain, fear, or excitement. This information can be also useful for farm operators to assess how fast the calves habituate to handling routines and to detect those calves that do not habituate and may suffer chronic stress in the future. Thirty-one calves were subjected to 2 consecutive experiments to clarify if observing preorbital gland opening is related to habituation to handling in red deer calves (Cervus elaphus). Calves were born in 3 different paddocks, handled as newborns (Exp. 1), and then subjected to the same routine handling but with different periodicity: every 1, 2, or 3 wk (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, preorbital gland opening was recorded in newborns during an initial handling (including weighing, ear tagging, and sex determination). Preorbital gland opening occurred in 93% of calves during this procedure and was not affected by sex, time since birth, or birth weight. Experiment 2 consisted of measuring preorbital opening during the same routine handling (weighing, blood sampling, and rump touching to assess body condition) when calves were 1, 3, and 5 mo old. Binary logistic regression showed that gland opening was associated with habituation to handling, since at 1 and 3 mo the probability of opening the gland decreased with the number of handlings that a calf experienced before (P = 0.008 and P = 0.028, respectively). However, there were no further changes in preorbital gland opening rate in the 5-mo-old calves (P = 0.182). The significant influence of the number of previous handlings on the probability of opening the preorbital gland was confirmed through generalized linear model with repeated measures (P = 0.007). Preorbital gland opening decreased along the phases of the study. Nevertheless, we found a significant trend in individuals to keep similar opening patterns (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.807, P < 0.001), which suggests that the more stressed individuals can be detected with this method. Therefore, we conclude that preorbital gland opening during routine handlings is related to the number of previous handlings, and thus it can be used as an indicator of lack of habituation to handling in farmed cervids.
- MeSH
- habituace (psychofyziologie) fyziologie MeSH
- handling (psychologie) * MeSH
- komunikace zvířat * MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- logistické modely MeSH
- slzné ústrojí fyziologie MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- vysoká zvěř fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Stressful manipulation by humans has been previously shown to result in opening the pre-orbital gland of the newborn red deer. We hypothesized that exposure of red deer to stressful handling would result in opening the pre-orbital gland. Further, we tested the potential factors associated with pre-orbital opening, including season, sex, age and struggling behavior. Pre-orbital gland status was observed in 76 red deer (48 males, 28 females) during 281 handling events with the animal isolated and fixed in a mechanical restraint cradle (crush) within 3 consecutive years. The deer age ranged from 1 to 5 yr in males, and from 1 to 11 yr in females at the beginning of observations. The proportion of handling events with an open gland was considerably greater during than before handling (27.76 vs. 0%, respectively, P < 0.001). The deer that struggled or stiffened revealed 2-fold greater incidence of pre-orbital opening (P < 0.01), regardless of sex. Thus, pre-orbital opening seemed to accompany the behaviors that have been found to be related to acute stress. The probability that the animal opens its pre-orbitals during handling sharply increased at the beginning of the rut (mating season, P < 0.01). Deer that threatened the handler (10% out of 215 observations) opened their pre-orbitals 30 times more often than nonthreatening ones. These effects indicate that other motivations are likely involved in the opening of pre-orbitals, in addition to the perception of a stressful event. Incidence of pre-orbital opening decreased with age in both sexes (P < 0.05) across 3 consecutive yr of observations, which suggests habituation to repeated handling. Sex of the animal did not influence the probability of pre-orbital opening. We found significant variability in pre-orbital opening across the individuals (P < 0.001). In conclusion, we confirmed an association between opening of the pre-orbital gland and stressful handling in sub-adult and adult red deer, although repeated human handling did not elicit such incidence of pre-orbital opening as found in newborn red deer calves. Our results support multifactorial origins of pre-orbital opening and prompt the necessity of further research to distinguish between different motivations that might have been involved in opening of pre-orbitals.
- MeSH
- agrese MeSH
- chov zvířat MeSH
- chování zvířat MeSH
- exokrinní žlázy fyziologie MeSH
- fyziologický stres fyziologie MeSH
- oči anatomie a histologie MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- vysoká zvěř anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Opening of the pre-orbital gland in red deer (Cervus elaphus) was previously found to be associated with feeding and negatively associated with achieving satiety in bottle-reared red deer calves. We speculated that this acted as a signal from a calf to the mother that it was hungry. Thus, we focused on a possible association between the pre-orbital gland opening and the sucking behavior in red deer calves. We recorded 63 sucking attempts and 150 sucking bouts within a stable social group of 24 farmed red deer females with 19 calves ages 16 to 90 d. The probability of the pre-orbital gland opening or remaining open during a sucking bout rapidly decreased with the on-going sucking phase (P < 0.001), and it was less after than during a sucking attempt (P < 0.03). The proportion of open pre-orbital glands at the end of sucking depended on whether the nursing female (27.85%) or the calf (0%, P < 0.01) terminated the sucking bout. The open pre-orbital gland of the calf after the sucking bout significantly predicted a subsequent sucking attempt (P < 0.001). The probability of open pre-orbital gland was not significantly affected by the age of the calf, sex or birth weight, or age of the nursing female. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that the opening of the pre-orbital gland is one of the general patterns of calf sucking behavior, specifically that it reflects the level of satisfying calf needs.
- MeSH
- agrese MeSH
- chov zvířat MeSH
- chování zvířat * MeSH
- exokrinní žlázy fyziologie MeSH
- kojená zvířata fyziologie MeSH
- novorozená zvířata MeSH
- oči anatomie a histologie MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- vysoká zvěř anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Cieľ: Overiť efektívnosť a spoľahlivosť skríningu postduktálnej saturácie pulznou oxymetriou pre včasnú diagnostiku kritickej vrodenej vývojovej chyby srdca (VCC) v regióne severného Slovenska. Metodika: Postduktálna saturácia bola sledovaná prospektívne u zdravých donosených novorodencov narodených od 15. 11. 2009 do 31. 10. 2010 v regióne perinatologického centra Martin. Prvé meranie bolo vykonané vo veku 6-12 hodín, pri saturácii viac ako 95 % bol skríning považovaný za negatívny. Pri nižších hodnotách saturácie bolo meranie opakované v 6-hodinových intervaloch do veku 30 hodín. Výsledky: Zo súboru 7280 detí bola skríningom zistená kritická VCC u 7, senzitivita vyšetrenia bola 87,5 %, špecificita 98,9 %, negatívna prediktívna hodnota 99 %. Skríning bol falošne negatívny u 1 dieťaťa s neskôr diagnostikovaným hypoplastickým ľavokomorovým syndrómom. Z náhodne vybratej podskupiny 3210 detí bez VCC bol pozitívny skríning u 77 (2,39 %). Do 24 hodín sa u 63 z nich saturácia upravila a deti boli zdravé, príčinou bola prechodná cirkulácia (saturácia 93,03 ± 1,16 %, medián 93 %). U zvyšných 14 detí bolo diagnostikované iné ochorenie a saturácia bola vo veku 24 hodín menej ako 95 % u 50 % z nich (saturácia 90,64 ± 4,38 %, medián 92 %). Pri kritickej VCC boli hodnoty saturácie 86,0 ± 5,6 %, medián 87 %. Záver: Pulzná oxymetria je účinnou skríningovou metódou pre včasnú diagnostiku kritických VCC v asymptomatickom štádiu. Ak je postduktálna saturácia vo veku 24 hodín menej ako 90 %, indikované je echokardiografické vyšetrenie. Pri hodnotách 90–94 % je potrebné meranie opakovať o 6–12 hodín, v prípade pozitívneho nálezu vykonať kardiologické a iné potrebné vyšetrenia. Porovnanie hodnôt saturácie z pravej hornej a ktorejkoľvek dolnej končatiny zvyšuje efektivitu skríningu.
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of the routine use of pulse oximetry to detect critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) in the region of Northern Slovakia. Methods: Postductal saturation was recorded prospectively in healthy term infants born from 15.11.2009 to 31.10.2010. The first screen was performed at the age of 6–12 hours. If pulse-oximetry measured arterial oxygen saturation was lower than 95%, the screening was positive and it was repeated in 6 hours intervals until the age of 30 hours. Results: 7280 infants were included in the study. The CCHD was detected due to the screening in 7 out of the infants. The sensitivity was 87.5%, specificity 98.9% and negative predictive value 99%. The false negative result was recorded in 1 baby with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome that was diagnosed clinically at the age of 2 days. In a randomly chosen subgroup of infants without CCHD the screening was positive in 77 out of the 3210 newborns (2.39%). Up to 24 hours the saturation was normal in 63 out of them, they were healthy and the positive screening was due to the transitional circulation (mean saturation 93.03±1.16%, median 93%). In remaining 14 out of the 77 infants other disease was diagnosed and the saturation was less than 95% in 50% out of them at the age of 24 hours (saturation 90.64±4.38%, median 92%). The saturation in infants with CCHD was 86.0±5.6%, median 87%. Conclusion: Pulse oximetry is an effective screening method for early detection of CCHD at asymptomatic stage. If the postductal saturation is less than 90% at the age of 24 hours, echocardiographic examination is indicated. Babies with saturation between 90 and 94% should have a second screen 6–12 hours later. If it is positive, the cardiologic and other necessary examinations are performed. Comparison of saturation values from the right hand and either foot increases the effectiveness of the screening.
- MeSH
- časná diagnóza MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci novorozenců MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- novorozenecký screening mortalita MeSH
- oxymetrie využití MeSH
- transkutánní měření krevních plynů metody využití MeSH
- vrozené srdeční vady diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- MeSH
- amikacin aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika terapeutické užití MeSH
- cystická fibróza komplikace mikrobiologie terapie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- fluorescenční polarizační imunologické testy metody využití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pseudomonádové infekce farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kongresy MeSH
- MeSH
- Burkholderia cepacia komplex genetika klasifikace MeSH
- cystická fibróza komplikace mikrobiologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- infekce bakteriemi rodu Burkholderia epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
