Urban soils pollution by trace elements arouses the growing interest in China. The aim of this study was to assess urban soil pollution by As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in China and the possible impacts on urban inhabitants and urban green spaces (UGS). Data from more than 17,000 samples were applied to characterize the status of 101 cities. The pollution assessment proved that 11% of the cities are heavily polluted. According to the Hazard Index, the value of risk for the infant population in 15 cities exceed the standardly accepted tolerable levels. The carcinogenic risk assessment demonstrated the potential threat in the cities with the total population approximately 20,566,900. Cr and As were detected to be the most hazardous elements. UGS may be seriously threatened by trace elements toxicity in 38 cities. Cd was found to be the riskiest element for UGS. Ecosystem services of UGS can be significantly disrupted under the current situation in China and their status is expected to deteriorate in the future. For this reason, it is essential to alter the policy of the urbanization process and develop functional concepts of urban green infrastructures adapted to the high level of contamination which shall improve human well-being in China.
- MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- půda MeSH
- stopové prvky * MeSH
- těžké kovy * analýza MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Čína MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
This paper presents experimental results from the use of biosurfactants in the remediation of a soil from a smelter in Poland. In the soil, concentrations of Cu (1659.1 mg/kg) and Pb (290.8 mg/kg) exceeded the limit values. Triple batch washing was tested as a soil treatment. Three main variants were used, each starting with a different plant-derived (saponin, S; tannic acid, T) or microbial (rhamnolipids, R) biosurfactant solution in the first washing, followed by 9 different sequences using combinations of the tested biosurfactants (27 in total). The efficiency of the washing was determined based on the concentration of metal removed after each washing (CR), the cumulative removal efficiency (Ecumulative) and metal stability (calculated as the reduced partition index, Ir, based on the metal fractions from BCR sequential extraction). The type of biosurfactant sequence influenced the CR values. The variants that began with S and R had the highest average Ecumulative for Cu and Pb, respectively. The Ecumulative value correlated very strongly (r > 0.8) with the stability of the residual metals in the soil. The average Ecumulative and stability of Cu were the highest, 87.4% and 0.40, respectively, with the S-S-S, S-S-T, S-S-R and S-R-T sequences. Lead removal and stability were the highest, 64-73% and 0.36-0.41, respectively, with the R-R-R, R-R-S, R-S-R and R-S-S sequences. Although the loss of biosurfactants was below 10% after each washing, sequential washing with biosurfactants enriched the soil with external organic carbon by an average of 27-fold (S-first variant), 24-fold (R first) or 19-fold (T first). With regard to environmental limit values, metal stability and organic carbon resources, sequential washing with different biosurfactants is a beneficial strategy for the remediation of smelter-contaminated soil with given properties.
- MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * analýza MeSH
- půda MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí * MeSH
- těžké kovy * analýza MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Polsko MeSH
Due to the presence of toxic pollutants, soils in former military areas need remedial actions with environmentally friendly methods. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the aided phytostabilization of multi-heavy metals (HMs), i.e. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, in post-military soil by Festuca rubra and three mineral amendments (diatomite, dolomite and halloysite). The amendments were applied at 0 and 3.0% to each pot filled with 5 kg of polluted soil. After seven weeks of the phytostabilization, selected soil properties, biomass yield of F. rubra and immobilization of HMs by their accumulation in plant and redistribution among individual fractions in soil were determined. In addition, ecotoxicology parameters of non-amended and amended soil were established using Phytotoxkit (Sinapsis alba) and Ostracodtoxkit (Heterocypris incongruens) tests. The addition of halloysite significantly increased F. rubra biomass. Diatomite significantly increased both the Cd, Cu, Pb and Cr concentrations in the roots and the pH of the soil. The application of halloysite significantly decreased the Cd and Zn contents of the soil after the completion of the experiment. Dolomite and halloysite were more effective in HM immobilization in soil by decreasing their content in an exchangeable fraction than diatomite. These soil amendments significantly differentiated the length of S. alba roots and had a positive effect on the development of H. incongruens.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- Festuca chemie růst a vývoj MeSH
- hořčík chemie MeSH
- jíl chemie MeSH
- kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza MeSH
- uhličitan vápenatý chemie MeSH
- vojenská zařízení * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This study analysed the effect of three alkalizing soil amendments (limestone, dolomite chalcedonite) on aided phytostabilization with Festuca rubra L. depending on the hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) level in contaminated soil. Four different levels of Cr(VI) were added to the soil (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg). The Cr contents in the plant roots and above-ground parts and the soil (total and extracted Cr by 0.01 M CaCl2) were determined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The phytotoxicity of the soil was also determined. Soil amended with chalcedonite significantly increased F. rubra biomass. Chalcedonite and limestone favored a considerable accumulation of Cr in the roots. The application of dolomite and limestone to soil contaminated with Cr(VI) contributed to a significant increase in pH values and was found to be the most effective in reducing total Cr and CaCl2-extracted Cr contents from the soil. F. rubra in combination with a chalcedonite amendment appears to be a promising solution for phytostabilization of Cr(VI)-contaminated areas. The use of this model can contribute to reducing human exposure to Cr(VI) and its associated health risks.
Consumption of heavy metals, especially lead (Pb) contaminated food is a serious threat to human health. Higher Pb uptake by the plant affects the quality, growth and yield of crops. However, inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) along with a mixture of organic amendments and biochar could be an effective way to overcome the problem of Pb toxicity. That's why current pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of compost mixed biochar (CB) and ACC deaminase producing PGPR on growth and yield of spinach plants under artificially induced Pb toxicity. Six different treatments i.e., control, Alcaligenes faecalis (PGPR1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (PGPR2), compost + biochar (CB), PGPR1 + CB and PGPR2 + CB were applied under 250 mg Pb kg-1 soil. Results showed that inoculation of PGPRs (Alcaligenes faecalis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) alone and along with CB significantly enhanced root fresh (47%) and dry weight (31%), potassium concentration (11%) in the spinach plant. Whereas, CB + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens significantly decreased (43%) the concentration of Pb in the spinach root over control. In conclusion, CB + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has the potential to mitigate the Pb induced toxicity in the spinach. The obtained result can be further used in the planning and execution of rhizobacteria and compost mixed biochar-based soil amendment.
- MeSH
- Alcaligenes faecalis enzymologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens enzymologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- draslík analýza MeSH
- dřevěné a živočišné uhlí chemie MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu chemie metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- lyasy štěpící vazby C-C metabolismus MeSH
- olovo chemie metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- Spinacia oleracea chemie účinky léků mikrobiologie MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The service tree (Sorbus domestica) is a wild fruit tree with immense medicinal and industrial value. This study aimed at determining the four major groups of antioxidants (flavonoids, phenolic acids and aldehydes, catechin and procyanidin) in rootstocks of Crataegus laevigata (genotypes O-LE-14 and O-LE-21), Aronia melanocarpa (genotypes O-LE-14 and O-LE-21), Chaenomeles japonica (genotype O-LE-9) and Cydonia oblonga (BA 29) (genotypes O-LE-14 and O-LE-21). Hyperoside (Quercetin 3-D-galactoside) was the most abundant flavonoid compound, since its average content in the rootstocks of Crataegus laevigata (O-LE-21) was 180.68 ± 0.04 μg·g-1. Dihydrokaempherol was the least frequently found flavonoid compound, with an average concentration of 0.43 ± 0.01 μg·g-1 in all the rootstocks of plants considered in this study. Among the phenolic compounds, the most represented one was protocatechuic acid, with 955.92 ± 10.25 μg·g-1 in the rootstocks of Aronia melanocarpa (O-LE-14). On the other hand, the least represented p-Coumaric acid exhibited the average concentration of 0.34 ± 0.01 μg·g-1 in the plant rootstocks. Epicatechin was the most abundant catechin compound, with a content of 3196.37 ± 50.10 μg·g-1 in the rootstocks of Aronia melanocarpa (O-LE-14). The lowest represented catechin compound was epigallocatechin, with the average concentration of 0.95 ± 0.08 μg·g-1 in the screened plant rootstocks. From the procyanidin compounds, the most abundant one was procyanidin b2 in the rootstocks of Crataegus laevigata (O-LE-14), with a concentration of 5550.40 ± 99.56 μg·g-1. On the contrary, procyanidin a2, with an average concentration of 40.35 ± 1.61 μg·g-1, represented the least frequent procyanidin compound in all the plant rootstocks screened herein.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The enormous tourism boom raises concern about possible negative environmental impacts worldwide. One of the risks posed by tourism may be heavy metal pollution. On the example of the volcanic island of Santorini, a popular tourist destination, pollution of soils categorized according to the tourism load was monitored. Significant anthropogenic contamination by heavy metals, especially Cu, Cr and Pb, was found out. This contamination may constitute a moderate ecological risk to the island ecosystems. Tourism has been shown to be a significant pollution factor as evidenced by the contaminated soils near the airport. Simultaneously, airport traffic has been proved to be an important emitter of Co, Cr and especially Zn. The comparison with other volcanic islands has shown that on Santorini the content of heavy metals in soils is significantly lower, despite frequently higher tourism intensity. On this basis, it can be concluded that in case of volcanic islands the dominant factor determining the content of heavy metals in the soil is the parent rock. Given high and ever-increasing intensity of tourism on the island, it can be assumed that soil contamination will continue to rise rapidly. Therefore, without proper steps reducing tourism, increase in soil degradation, growing negative impacts on local ecosystems as well as on the quality of produced wine can be expected on Santorini.
- MeSH
- cestování * MeSH
- doprava * MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- ostrovy MeSH
- půda MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Čína MeSH
- ostrovy MeSH
Urban soil areas can be contaminated with potentially dangerous heavy metals (HM), which might have got there by means of the human activity. The aim of the present study was to determine the contamination level of the city park soils and its impact on urban ecosystem. The indices assessing soil contamination such as Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Nemerow Pollution Index (IPIN), and indices assessing health risks, namely Hazard Index (HI) and Carcinogenic Risk (CR), have been calculated. Furthermore, the phytotoxic effect of the soil samples has been determined. The soil contains in average 58.6 mg/kg Zn, 0.3 mg/kg Cd, 27.2 mg/kg Pb and 16.6 mg/kg Cu. Based on EF index, it has been confirmed that the increased amounts of Zn, Cd and Pb in the soil are of the anthropogenic origin. The soil may be classified as moderately to strongly polluted in the case of Zn and Pb according to Igeo. Nevertheless, soil contamination in the park is at a safe level as per IPIN. Based on HI and CR indices, it is possible to state that the soil in the park does not pose any health risks. Subject to the outcomes of the toxicity test, the concentrations of HMs found out in the soils are not inhibitory for plants.
- MeSH
- ekosystém * MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- rostliny účinky léků MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza toxicita MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- veřejné parky * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Čína MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
This study analyzed the impact of road transportation on the concentration of Zn, Ni, Pb, Co, and Cd in moss (Pleurozium schreberi). The study was carried out over five years near a national road running from the north to the east (Poland) in the area of Natura 2000 sites. Samples were collected at three significantly different locations: (1) near a sharp bend, (2) near a straight section of the road in a woodless area, and (3) in a slightly wooded area. At each location, moss samples were collected from sites situated 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 m from the road edge. The highest Zn and Cd contents in the moss were recorded 6 m from the road edge near a sharp bend (where vehicles brake sharply and accelerate suddenly). At the same location, at a distance of 2 m, the highest Pb concentration was noted, and at a distance of 4 m from the road, the highest Ni concentration was noted. The Co concentration in the moss was the highest near the woodless straight section at a distance of 2 and 12 m from the road. The concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni, Co (only at the woodless location), and Cd (at all locations) were significantly and negatively correlated with distance from the road.
- MeSH
- bioindikátory * MeSH
- doprava * MeSH
- mechy chemie MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- těžké kovy chemie toxicita MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Polsko MeSH
The effect of soil amendments, i.e., compost, zeolite, and calcium oxide, on the chemical properties of soil contaminated with Cr(III) and Cr(VI) and the uptake of selected heavy metals by spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) was determined in a pot experiment. The content of all investigated heavy metals in the tested plants varied significantly in response to the tested soil amendments and increasing concentrations of Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Compost, zeolite, and calcium oxide contributed to an increase in the average yield of the aerial parts of maize plants only in treatments contaminated with Cr(III). The concentrations of Cr, Zn, and Ni in the aerial parts of spring barley and maize were higher in treatments contaminated with Cr(III) than in treatments contaminated with Cr(VI). Calcium oxide induced a significant increase in soil pH relative to the control treatment. In treatments without soil amendments, the average Cr content of soil was higher in pots contaminated with Cr(VI). The concentrations of Zn and Cu in non-amended treatments were negatively correlated with increasing doses of Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Calcium oxide decreased the average content of Cr, Cu, and Ni in all experimental variants. Compost increased the average content of Zn in treatments contaminated with Cr(III) and Cr(IV) relative to non-amended soil.
