Due to the extensive use of antimicrobial agents in human and veterinary medicine, residues of various antimicrobials get into wastewater and, subsequently, surface water. On the one hand, a combination of processes in wastewater treatment plants aims to eliminate chemical and biological pollutants; on the other hand, this environment may create conditions suitable for the horizontal transfer of resistance genes and potential selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Wastewater and surface water samples (Morava River) were analyzed to determine the concentrations of 10 antibiotics and identify those exceeding so-called predicted no-effect environmental concentrations (PNECs). This study revealed that residues of five of the tested antimicrobials, namely ampicillin, clindamycin, tetracycline, tigecycline and vancomycin, in wastewater samples exceeded the PNEC. Vancomycin concentrations were analyzed with respect to the detected strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), in which the presence of resistance genes, virulence factors and potential relationship were analyzed. VRE were detected in 16 wastewater samples (11%) and two surface water samples (6%). The PNEC of vancomycin was exceed in 16% of the samples. Since the detected VRE did not correlate with the vancomycin concentrations, no direct relationship was confirmed between the residues of this antimicrobials and the presence of the resistant strains.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Achievements of supercritical fluid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection made in the field of forensic science during the last decade are reviewed. The main topics include analysis of traditional drugs of abuse (e.g. cannabis, methamphetamine) as well as new psychoactive substances (synthetic cannabinoids, cathinones and phenethylamines), doping agents (anabolic steroids, stimulants, diuretics, analgesics etc.) and chemical warfare agents. Control of food authenticity, detection of adulteration and identification of toxic substances in food are also pointed out. Main aspects of an analytical workflow, such as sample preparation, separation and detection are discussed. A special attention is paid to the performance characteristics and validation parameters of supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometric methods in comparison with other separation techniques.
- MeSH
- analýza potravin MeSH
- doping ve sportu MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odhalování abúzu drog MeSH
- oleje rostlin chemie MeSH
- psychotropní léky analýza MeSH
- superkritická fluidní chromatografie metody MeSH
- zakázané drogy analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
New psychoactive substances represent serious social and health problem as tens of new compounds are detected in Europe annually. They often show structural proximity or even isomerism, which complicates their analysis. Two methods based on ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection were validated and compared. A simple dilute-filter-and-shoot protocol utilizing propan-2-ol or methanol for supercritical fluid or liquid chromatography, respectively, was proposed to detect and quantify 15 cathinones and phenethylamines in human urine. Both methods offered fast separation (<3 min) and short total analysis time. Precision was well <15% with a few exceptions in liquid chromatography. Limits of detection in urine ranged from 0.01 to 2.3 ng/mL, except for cathinone (5 ng/mL) in supercritical fluid chromatography. Nevertheless, this technique distinguished all analytes including four pairs of isomers, while liquid chromatography was unable to resolve fluoromethcathinone regioisomers. Concerning matrix effects and recoveries, supercritical fluid chromatography produced more uniform results for different compounds and at different concentration levels. This work demonstrates the performance and reliability of supercritical fluid chromatography and corroborates its applicability as an alternative tool for analysis of new psychoactive substances in biological matrixes.
- MeSH
- alkaloidy MeSH
- analýza moči metody MeSH
- fenethylaminy moč MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- limita detekce MeSH
- methanol moč MeSH
- psychotropní léky analýza MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- rozpouštědla MeSH
- superkritická fluidní chromatografie * MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The chromatographic behaviour of eleven synthetic cathinones and four phenylethylamines under supercritical/subcritical fluid conditions was investigated. Four stationary phases with sub-2μm particles (Waters Acquity UPC(2) BEH silica, BEH 2-ethylpyridine, CSH Fluoro-Phenyl, and HSS C18SB) were evaluated in terms of isomer resolution, chromatographic peak shape, and analysis time. Methanol, water, formic acid, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium acetate, and ammonium formate were mixed with carbon dioxide to test their influence on analyte retention and peak shapes. Methanol and ammonium cations were essential for successful separations. Efficient separations of four isomeric pairs (R>1), and most of the remaining analytes, were achieved in less than 3.3min on BEH and Fluoro-Phenyl columns with gradient of methanolic ammonium hydroxide in CO2. Drugs were detected by positive electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in selected reaction monitoring mode. Added detection specificity and faster separation of isomers on the BEH column using a steep gradient and high flow rate reduced analysis time of the mixture of 15 drugs to 1.6min.
