Progress in the diagnosis of leishmaniases depends on the development of effective methods and the discovery of suitable biomarkers. We propose firstly an update classification of Leishmania species and their synonymies. We demonstrate a global map highlighting the geography of known endemic Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. We summarize a complete list of techniques currently in use and discuss their advantages and limitations. The available data highlights the benefits of molecular markers in terms of their sensitivity and specificity to quantify variation from the subgeneric level to species complexes, (sub) species within complexes, and individual populations and infection foci. Each DNA-based detection method is supplied with a comprehensive description of markers and primers and proposal for a classification based on the role of each target and primer in the detection, identification and quantification of leishmaniasis infection. We outline a genome-wide map of genes informative for diagnosis that have been used for Leishmania genotyping. Furthermore, we propose a classification method based on the suitability of well-studied molecular markers for typing the 21 known Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. This can be applied to newly discovered species and to hybrid strains originating from inter-species crosses. Developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is vital for enhancing Leishmania infection control programs.
- MeSH
- antiprotozoální látky farmakologie MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- fylogeografie MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- hmyz - vektory parazitologie MeSH
- Leishmania klasifikace účinky léků genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- leishmanióza klasifikace farmakoterapie epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární typizace přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- protozoální DNA genetika MeSH
- protozoální proteiny genetika MeSH
- Psychodidae parazitologie MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
