Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) are the principal vectors of Leishmania spp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). In Central Europe, Phlebotomus mascittii is the predominant species, but largely understudied. To better understand factors driving its current distribution, we infer patterns of genetic diversity by testing for signals of population expansion based on two mitochondrial genes and model current and past climate and habitat suitability for seven post-glacial maximum periods, taking 19 climatic variables into account. Consequently, we elucidate their connections by environmental-geographical network analysis. Most analyzed populations share a main haplotype tracing back to a single glacial maximum refuge area on the Mediterranean coasts of South France, which is supported by network analysis. The rapid range expansion of Ph. mascittii likely started in the early mid-Holocene epoch until today and its spread possibly followed two routes. The first one was through northern France to Germany and then Belgium, and the second across the Ligurian coast through present-day Slovenia to Austria, toward the northern Balkans. Here we present a combined approach to reveal glacial refugia and post-glacial spread of Ph. mascittii and observed discrepancies between the modelled and the current known distribution might reveal yet overlooked populations and potential further spread.
- MeSH
- hmyz - vektory genetika MeSH
- Leishmania * MeSH
- Phlebotomus * genetika MeSH
- Psychodidae * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
BACKGROUND: Vector-borne zoonotic diseases are a concerning issue in Europe. Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) have been reported in several countries with a large impact on public health; other emerging pathogens, such as Rickettsiales, and mosquito-borne flaviviruses have been increasingly reported. All these pathogens are linked to wild ungulates playing roles as tick feeders, spreaders, and sentinels for pathogen circulation. This study evaluated the prevalence of TBEV, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., and Coxiella spp. by biomolecular screening of blood samples and ticks collected from wild ungulates. Ungulates were also screened by ELISA and virus neutralization tests for flaviviral antibody detection. RESULTS: A total of 274 blood samples were collected from several wild ungulate species, as well as 406 Ixodes ricinus, which were feeding on them. Blood samples tested positive for B. burgdorferi s.l. (1.1%; 0-2.3%) and Rickettsia spp. (1.1%; 0-2.3%) and showed an overall flaviviral seroprevalence of 30.6% (22.1-39.2%): 26.1% (17.9-34.3%) for TBEV, 3.6% (0.1-7.1%) for Usutu virus and 0.9% (0-2.7%) for West Nile virus. Ticks were pooled when possible and yielded 331 tick samples that tested positive for B. burgdorferi s.l. (8.8%; 5.8-11.8%), Rickettsia spp. (26.6%; 21.8-31.2%) and Neoehrlichia mikurensis (1.2%; 0-2.4%). TBEV and Coxiella spp. were not detected in either blood or tick samples. CONCLUSIONS: This research highlighted a high prevalence of several tick-borne zoonotic pathogens and high seroprevalence for flaviviruses in both hilly and alpine areas. For the first time, an alpine chamois tested positive for anti-TBEV antibodies. Ungulate species are of particular interest due to their sentinel role in flavivirus circulation and their indirect role in tick-borne diseases and maintenance as Ixodes feeders and spreaders.
- MeSH
- Coxiella MeSH
- klíště * MeSH
- komáří přenašeči MeSH
- Rickettsia * MeSH
- savci MeSH
- séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
- viry klíšťové encefalitidy * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- MeSH
- biologická kontrola škůdců metody MeSH
- chemická bezpečnost normy zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- deratizace * normy MeSH
- dezinsekce * metody normy MeSH
- Evropská unie MeSH
- komáří přenašeči patogenita MeSH
- kontrola škůdců metody zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- oleje prchavé MeSH
- pesticidy MeSH
- švábi patogenita účinky léků MeSH
With the current expansion of vector-based research and an increasing number of facilities rearing arthropod vectors and infecting them with pathogens, common measures for containment of arthropods as well as manipulation of pathogens are becoming essential for the design and running of such research facilities to ensure safe work and reproducibility, without compromising experimental feasibility. These guidelines and comments were written by experts of the Infravec2 consortium, a Horizon 2020-funded consortium integrating the most sophisticated European infrastructures for research on arthropod vectors of human and animal diseases. They reflect current good practice across European laboratories with experience of safely handling different mosquito species and the pathogens they transmit. As such, they provide experience-based advice to assess and manage the risks to work safely with mosquitoes and the pathogens they transmit. This document can also form the basis for research with other arthropods, for example, midges, ticks or sandflies, with some modification to reflect specific requirements.
- MeSH
- členovci - vektory MeSH
- členovci * MeSH
- Culicidae * MeSH
- komáří přenašeči MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Compounds isolated from botanical sources represent innovative and promising alternatives to conventional insecticides. Carlina oxide is a compound isolated from Carlina acaulis L. (Asteraceae) essential oil (EO) with great potential as bioinsecticide, being effective on various arthropod vectors and agricultural pests, with moderate toxicity on non-target species. Since the production from the wild source is limited, there is the need of exploring new synthetic routes for obtaining this compound and analogues with improved bioactivity and lower toxicity. Herein, the chemical synthesis of carlina oxide analogues was developed. Their insecticidal activity was assessed on the vectors Musca domestica L. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated on a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The compounds' activity was compared with that of the natural counterparts EO and carlina oxide. In housefly tests, the analogues were comparably effective to purified carlina oxide. In Cx. quinquefasciatus assays, the meta-chloro analogue provided a significantly higher efficacy (LC50 of 0.71 μg mL-1) than the EO and carlina oxide (LC50 1.21 and 1.31 μg mL-1, respectively) and a better safety profile than carlina oxide on keratinocytes. Overall, this study can open the way to an agrochemical production of carlina oxide analogues employable as nature-inspired insecticides.
- MeSH
- Asteraceae * chemie MeSH
- Culex * MeSH
- insekticidy * farmakologie MeSH
- komáří přenašeči MeSH
- larva MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oleje prchavé * farmakologie chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- Culicidae * MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- komáří přenašeči MeSH
- virus Sindbis genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Insecticides represent the most crucial element in the integrated management approach to malaria and other vector-borne diseases. The evolution of insect resistance to long-used substances and the toxicity of organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates are the main factors contributing to the development of new, environmentally safe pesticides. In our work, fourteen compounds of 7-methoxytacrine-tacrine heterodimers were tested for their insecticidal effect. Compounds were evaluated in vitro on insect acetylcholinesterase from Anopheles gambiae (AgAChE) and Musca domestica (MdAChE). The evaluation was executed in parallel with testing on human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (HssAChE) and human butyrylcholinesterase (HssBChE) using a modified Ellman's method. Compound efficacy was determined as IC50 values for the respective enzymes and selectivity indexes were expressed to compare the interspecies selectivity. Docking studies were performed to predict the binding modes of selected compounds. K1328 and K1329 provided high HssAChE/AgAChE selectivity outperforming standard pesticides (carbofuran and bendiocarb), and thus can be considered as suitable lead structure for novel anticholinesterase insecticides.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- Anopheles * metabolismus MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory toxicita MeSH
- insekticidy * MeSH
- karbamáty MeSH
- karbofuran * MeSH
- komáří přenašeči MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- organofosfáty MeSH
- takrin MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Dirofilarióza je parazitární onemocnění psů (ale také například fretek, koček, lišek a lidí) způsobené parazitem Dirofilaria immitis a Dirofilaria repens. Pes je v našich podmínkách jediným definitivním hostitelem, který je zároveň jediným rezervoárem. Pro přenos infekce jsou také nezbytní komáři rodů Aedes, Anopheles a Culex. Z hlediska šíření je významná hlavně teplota prostředí: při teplotě nad 14 °C v komárech dochází k vývoji larev. V Èeské republice byl první výskyt dirofilariózy zaznamenán v roce 1997. Od té doby byl potvrzen výskyt dirofilárií u psů žijících převážně na jižní Moravě. Významný vliv na rostoucí počet onemocnění má cestování se psy do oblastí s rizikem nákazy, globální oteplování a migrace zvířat z míst výskytu. Jako nejlepší ochrana před nákazou dirofiláriemi se doporučuje dodržovat zásady prevence, mezi které patří používání antiparazitik (hlavně v sezóně výskytu komárů).
Dirofilariasis is dog parasitic disease (for example too for ferrets, cats, foxes and dogs) caused by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. The only definitive host and reservoir is dog. For disease transmission are necessary mosquitoes from genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex. For transmission is most important environment temperature, because the temperature affects larvae maturation in mosquitos. The maturation is possible in temperatures over 14 °C. In Czech Republic was the first positive dog detected in 1997. From this year was detected positives dogs mostly in South Moravia. The important factor of raising number of positive dogs is traveling in to the endemic areas, global warming and animal migration from endemic areas. The best protection from dirofilariasis is prevention like antiparasitic treatment (most in mosquito season).
- MeSH
- Aedes virologie MeSH
- dengue epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- horečka chikungunya epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- infekce virem zika epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- komáří přenašeči * virologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- virové nemoci epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- virus La Crosse MeSH
- žlutá zimnice epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- AIDS epidemiologie přenos prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- antivirové látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- dengue diagnóza epidemiologie přenos terapie MeSH
- hepatitida C diagnóza epidemiologie farmakoterapie přenos MeSH
- HIV patogenita MeSH
- japonská encefalitida diagnóza přenos terapie MeSH
- komáří přenašeči MeSH
- látky proti HIV terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- objevující se infekční nemoci * diagnóza epidemiologie přenos prevence a kontrola MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 izolace a purifikace patogenita MeSH
- vakcína proti žluté zimnici terapeutické užití MeSH
- vakcíny proti COVID-19 terapeutické užití MeSH
- virus Bunyamwera patogenita MeSH
- virus chikungunya patogenita MeSH
- virus dengue patogenita MeSH
- virus japonské encefalitidy patogenita MeSH
- virus Sindbis izolace a purifikace patogenita MeSH
- viry kalifornské encefalitidy izolace a purifikace patogenita MeSH
- západonilská horečka diagnóza epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- žlutá zimnice epidemiologie přenos prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
