Nedoslýchavost různého stupně lze u dětí hodnotit z mnoha různých pohledů a rozdělení. U novorozenců a nejmenších dětí diagnostikujeme vrozené vady sluchu, při genetickém vyšetření lze nalézt mutaci conexinu. U starších dětí pak převažují zánětlivé stavy a jejich komplikace. U nejstarších dětí jsou pak příčinou nedoslýchavosti nejčastěji chronické záněty, v menší míře pak úrazy a idiopatické důsledky poruchy sluchu. V přehledu jsou prezentovány jednotlivé formy nedoslýchavosti a mechanismus jejich vzniku. Vyšetřovací metody poruchy sluchu jsou různé dle věkových kategorií a nutnosti spolupráce dítěte při vyšetřování. Možnosti terapie jsou uváděny u příslušného typu nedoslýchavosti a vhodnosti použité metody konzervativní i chirurgické.
Hearing loss of varying degrees can be assessed in children from many different perspectives and divisions. In newborns and the smallest children, we diagnose congenital hearing defects, during a genetic examination a conexin mutation can be found. In older children, inflammatory conditions and their complications predominate. In the oldest children, the most common cause of hearing loss is chronic inflammation, to a lesser extent, injuries and idiopathic consequences of hearing impairment. The overview presents individual forms of hearing loss and the mechanism of their occurrence. Hearing impairment investigation methods are different according to age categories and the necessity of the child's cooperation during the investigation. Therapy options are listed for the respective type of hearing loss and the appropriateness of the conservative and surgical method used. Brief anatomical and physiological notes on the structure and function of the auditory system complement the understanding of the development of hearing impairment according to the topography and complexity of the individual parts of the hearing analyzer.
- MeSH
- diagnostické techniky otologické MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy sluchu * diagnóza klasifikace terapie MeSH
- ucho anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mentální retardace * diagnóza klasifikace prevence a kontrola MeSH
- pediatrie MeSH
- psychomotorické poruchy etiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the facial skeleton in children can be difficult due to the skeletal growth. MATERIAL AND METHODS The 9-year retrospective study included patients admitted with the orbital fracture diagnosis to the University Hospital Brno, Children s Hospital, Department of Paediatric ENT, Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation, and Department of Paediatric Surgery, Orthopaedics and Traumatology. We looked into the number of patients admitted to the hospital with the orbital fracture diagnosis and the cause of the injury, the age of patients, and the used treatment method - surgical or non-operative treatment were analysed. The following assumptions were applied: 1. Incidence of the injury (orbital fracture) increases with the age of the patient, 2. Incidence of the injury in individual years is constant. RESULTS In the followed-up period, between 2010 and 2018, a total of 47 patients, of whom 8 girls and 39 boys, with the orbital fracture diagnosis were treated. 12 patients underwent surgery, 35 patients were treated non-operatively. The study group included 47 patients with the age range of 1 to 18 years, with the median age 12 years. When the results were processed, a trend was revealed showing an increase in the number of injuries as well as an in the age of patients at the time of injury. The number of injuries increases with age and year. Both the correlations, however, are statistically insignificant and the trend can be considered statistically insignificant. DISCUSSION Both the non-operative and surgical treatment of patients lead to excellent results, even in the long-term follow-up. In paediatric patients, the surgical approach should be opted for only in cases when the non-operative approach is impossible due to the extent and characteristics of fracture and damage to soft tissues. CONCLUSIONS The surgical treatment aims at the best possible anatomical reconstruction of the orbit with no subsequent functional or cosmetic defects. If surgical treatment is necessary, then the transconjunctival approach is most appropriate in children, namely because of the good overview over the operating field, simple procedure as well as the cosmetic outcome. In most cases it is enough to reposition the orbital soft tissues. In complicated cases, with an orbital floor defect, it needs to be covered with a suitable material. Also, the non-operative approach has its place in therapy and the case-by-case approach must be applied. Orbital fractures should always be treated by experienced specialists (ENT, dental surgeon, traumatologist) specialising in paediatric patients. Key words: fracture, orbit, childhood, surgical, non-operative treatment.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fraktury očnice * diagnóza epidemiologie chirurgie MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- ortopedické výkony * MeSH
- pooperační komplikace MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
