A novel pheophorbide derivative, trimethyl-152-[L-aspartyl]pheophorbide a was synthesised and investigated for anti-tumor activity. The prepared photosensitizer had good absorption in the phototherapeutic window and high ROS yields. It exhibited excellent phototoxicity higher than reference compound m-THPC when irradiated by 650 nm light in vitro, and obvious photodynamic anti-tumor effect in vivo. It causes cellular apoptosis or necrosis under laser irradiation and localizes in mitochondria, lysosome, and endoplasmic reticulum. The observed high efficacy was rationalized by efficient introduction into the blood by facile transfer through membranes, which is supported by molecular dynamics simulation studies. This work provides a new candidate photosensitizer for anti-cancer treatment.
- Klíčová slova
- cancer, keyword 5, molecular dynamics, pheophorbide, photodynamic therapy,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The human Y-chromosome has proven to be a powerful tool for tracing the paternal history of human populations and genealogical ancestors. The human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q is the most frequent haplogroup in the Americas. Previous studies have traced the origin of haplogroup Q to the region around Central Asia and Southern Siberia. Although the diversity of haplogroup Q in the Americas has been studied in detail, investigations on the diffusion of haplogroup Q in Eurasia and Africa are still limited. In this study, we collected 39 samples from China and Russia, investigated 432 samples from previous studies of haplogroup Q, and analyzed the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) subclades Q1a1a1-M120, Q1a2a1-L54, Q1a1b-M25, Q1a2-M346, Q1a2a1a2-L804, Q1a2b2-F1161, Q1b1a-M378, and Q1b1a1-L245. Through NETWORK and BATWING analyses, we found that the subclades of haplogroup Q continued to disperse from Central Asia and Southern Siberia during the past 10,000 years. Apart from its migration through the Beringia to the Americas, haplogroup Q also moved from Asia to the south and to the west during the Neolithic period, and subsequently to the whole of Eurasia and part of Africa.
- Klíčová slova
- Eurasia, Han Chinese, Haplogroup Q, Multidirectional migrations, Y-chromosome,
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- haplotypy genetika MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidský chromozom Y genetika MeSH
- migrace lidstva * MeSH
- mikrosatelitní repetice genetika MeSH
- populační genetika * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Asie MeSH
- Čína MeSH
- Sibiř MeSH
