Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes develop chronic hyperglycemia during pregnancy. It is associated with a number of maternal and fetal/neonatal complications. The role of the adipokines retinol binding protein-4, resistin and nesfatin-1 in the development of GDM is relatively poorly understood, but their role in glucose metabolism is suspected and their use as early markers to predict the development of GDM is being sought. The aim of study was to determine the correlation between the levels of selected adipokines (retinol binding protein-4, resistin, nesfatin-1) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy pregnant women and to compare their levels with other clinical and biochemical parameters. Patients with GDM had significantly higher BMI (28.4±4.5 vs. 24.6±4 kg/m2), total cholesterol (6±1.3 vs. 5.3±1.4 mmol/l) and triacylglycerols (1.9±0.8 vs. 1.4±0.7 mmol/l) than women in the control group. RBP4 confirms the significant difference between the groups, it is higher in the control group of healthy pregnant women. The adipokines resistin and nesfatin-1 show no differences between the control and GDM groups, but their ratios with BMI, cholesterol and triacylglycerols, resistin shows elevated levels in the control group. In women with GDM, RBP4 was significantly positively correlated with C-peptide and negatively correlated with total, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol. Resistin was also negatively correlated with total, LDL, HDL, and non-HDL cholesterol. Nesfatin-1 was only moderately positively correlated with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and fasting glycemia. There is ambiguity in the results of previous studies on the levels of the investigated adipokines in pregnant women with GDM and the interpretation depends on many factors. Keywords: Gestational diabetes, Adipokines, Retinol-binding protein 4, Resistin, Nesfatin-1.

• MeSH
• adipokiny krev   MeSH
• biologické markery * krev   MeSH
• DNA vazebné proteiny krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• gestační diabetes * krev   diagnóza   MeSH
• krevní glukóza metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nukleobindiny * krev   MeSH
• plazmatické proteiny vázající retinol * metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně krev   MeSH
• proteiny vázající vápník krev   MeSH
• resistin * krev   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adipokiny MeSH
• biologické markery * MeSH
• DNA vazebné proteiny MeSH
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• NUCB2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• nukleobindiny * MeSH
• plazmatické proteiny vázající retinol * MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně MeSH
• proteiny vázající vápník MeSH
• RBP4 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• resistin * MeSH
• RETN protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

AIM: To determine the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis E virus in the general population of the Czech Republic of age 15 to 64, to analyse the age and sex distribution of these antibodies, and to evaluate the benefit of the immunoblot test for the confirmation of the specificity of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) screening test. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sera from the last available multipurpose serological survey conducted in 2001 were tested. Anti-HEV IgG was detected by the RecomWell HEV IgG EIA test (Mikrogen Diagnostik, Germany). The immunoblot assay RecomLine HEV IgG/IgM (Mikrogen Diagnostik, Germany) was used for confirmation. RESULTS: Using the RecomWell IgG EIA test, anti-HEV IgG reactivity was found in 115 (6.7%) of 1715 sera. No significant difference in the anti-HEV IgG reactivity was found between men 58 (6.9%) and women 57 (6.6%). The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG increased with age from 3.5% in the age group 15-24 years to 16.8% in 55-64-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hepatitis E IgG antibodies determined in the serological survey in the age group 15-64 years was 6.7%. Recalculated for the general population of the Czech Republic, the prevalence was 8.6%. The prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies increased with age, reaching a peak of 16.8% in the age group 55-64 years. The prevalence was not significantly different between men and women. Using the immunoblot RecomLine IgG test for the confirmation of the specificity of the screening test in the seroprevalence study was not of clear benefit.

• Klíčová slova
• hepatitis E virus - anti-HEV - prevalence - EIA - immunoblot.,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hepatitida E * epidemiologie   MeSH
• imunoglobulin G krev   MeSH
• imunoglobulin M krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• virus hepatitidy E MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• imunoglobulin M MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH

UNLABELLED: The number of detected cases of hepatitis E (HE) shows an increasing trend in the Czech Republic, probably due the introduction of new diagnostic methods and greater awareness of HE. In most cases, the source of infection has remained unconfirmed or entirely unclear. The causative agent, the hepatitis E virus (HEV), belongs to the Hepeviridae family. Recently, many isolates from mammals, birds, and fish have been identified. HEV is widespread among farm pigs and wild boar populations all over the word. Both species serve as HEV reservoirs. Consumption of undercooked meat or offal from the reservoir animals is considered to be unsafe due to zoonotic transmission of HEV. The aim of the present article is to summarize recent findings regarding HEV. KEY WORDS: hepatitis E - zoonosis - food-borne infection.

• MeSH
• hepatitida E epidemiologie   etiologie   přenos   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zoonózy přenos   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

• MeSH
• chronická hepatitida C diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Analysis of the genotypic distribution of HCV from blood donors screened in the Czech Republic in 1999-2007 and sequence heterogeneity of HCV isolates in the NS5 region of the HCV genome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 402 archived serum samples from blood donors collected in 1999-2007 and confirmed positive for anti-HCV antibodies were tested for HCV RNA. In 220 HCV RNA positive sera, PCR was used to amplify a 401-nt fragment of the NS5 region of the HCV genome. The PCR product was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis of the obtained nucleotide sequences was carried out. Genotyping was performed based on the comparison with the sequence data available in the Genbank database. Regression analysis and non-parametric Pearson's chi-square test were used for statistical analysis of the distribution of genotypes by age, sex, sampling place and sampling year. RESULTS: In a representative set of 188 blood donors from the Czech Republic, the following HCV genotypes were determined: 1b (66%), 1a (13.3%), 3 (19.7%), 2a (0.5%) and 2b (0.5%). In 1999-2007, genotype 1b showed a significantly decreasing trend while genotype 3a was becoming significantly more frequent and the incidence of genotype 1a remained unchanged. It was found that the proportion of genotype 1b rises with increasing age of blood donors in contrast to genotypes 1a a 3a. Genotype 1b was detected significantly more frequently in females and genotype 3a significantly predominated in males. Any significant difference was not found in the geographical distribution of HCV genotypes. The mean HCV viral load was 9.6 x 105 I.U./ml. CONCLUSIONS: The predominant HCV genotype among blood donors in the Czech Republic is 1b, showing a significant downward trend in 1999-2007. The increasing prevalence of genotype 3a can be associated with changes in the route of HCV transmission, more precisely with the considerably increased incidence of HCV in injecting drug users over the last 15 years. Surprisingly, the incidence of genotype la remained unchanged over the study period.

• MeSH
• dárci krve * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• Hepacivirus klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• sekvenční analýza RNA MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To map the current distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among injecting drug users (IDUs) in the Czech Republic and to compare the results with the previously reported data. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Of 766 injecting drug users (IDUs) tested in the Remedis hepatology centre, Prague, in 2005 - 2007, 459 (60%) were anti-HCV positive, with viral replication detected by PCR in 326 (71%) of seropositives. PCR products from a randomly selected representative sample of 222 patients were analyzed by sequencing the NS5B region to determine HCV genotypes. Demographic and epidemiological data of the probands were collected by means of an interviewer-assisted questionnare survey. RESULTS: Of 222 study subjects, mostly long-term IDUs, including 154 (69%) males, mean age of 27 years, 131 (61%) reported opiates and 74 (35%) metamphetamine as their favourite drugs. Genotypic analysis found genotype 1, the most common one, in 168 (75.5%) subjects, with slight predominance of subtype 1a, detected in 90 (40.5%) subjects, over subtype 1b, identified in 78 (35%) subjects, while genotype 3 was revealed in 52 (23.5%) IDUs and showed a significant increase in 2007 compared to 2006. The comparison with the control data obtained 5 years earlier showed a substantial rise in the prevalence of genotype 3, previously rare in Czech IDUs, and a significantly increased proportion of subtype 1a among genotype 1 strains. Other genotypes reported from other European countries remain rare in the Czech Republic. CONCLUSIONS: Significant changes were found in the distribution and dynamics of HCV genotypes in the Czech Republic over the last years that are consistent with the changing route of HCV transmission in which injecting drug use currently plays the major role.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• Hepacivirus genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• hepatitida C diagnóza   etiologie   virologie   MeSH
• intravenózní abúzus drog virologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• sérologické testy MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• chronická hepatitida B diagnóza   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• chronická hepatitida C diagnóza   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• chronická hepatitida B komplikace   diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH

Chronic hepatitis B is one of the world's most common infectious diseases. In the Czech Republic it has a prevalence of 0.56%. Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B demonstrably increases quality of life and where indication criteria are met and standard therapeutic procedures are followed, it is clearly cheaper than treatment for the complications of advanced cirrhosis of the liver or hepatocellular carcinoma. At the time of issuing of this recommendation, 4 medicines were classified for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in the Czech Republic--pegylated interferon (IFN) alpha-2a, conventional IFN alpha, lamivudine (LAM) and adefovir dipivoxil (ADV). In a number of other developed states, entecavir (ETV) and telbivudine (LdT) have also been approved for treatment. The most effective treatment available at present is pegylated IFN alpha-2a, which should be the medication of first choice for initial treatment of hepatitis B, HBeAg positive and negative forms, provided that there are no contraindications for IFN alpha treatment. Conventional (standard, classical) IFN alpha can also be used, though clinical studies have shown it to be less effective than pegylated IFN alpha-2a. The main advantage of interferon compared to other commercially available medications is its relatively shorter and more clearly defined treatment period, the high probability of permanent suppression of virus replication and seroconversion of HBeAg/anti-HBe (in HBeAg positive forms of the illness) and the non-creation of mutant strains of HBV resistant to IFN in the course of treatment. If there are contraindications for IFN alpha (pegylated or conventional) or it is ineffective or poorly tolerated, ADV, ETV, LAM or LdT can be used. LAM and LdT treatments are often accompanied by the appearance of mutant strains of HBV, that are resistant to lamivudine or LdT and therefore they are not preferred.

• MeSH
• chronická hepatitida B diagnóza   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi MeSH