Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods of physics to understand biological systems. It encompasses a wide range of topics, from the molecular mechanisms within cells to the physical properties of organisms and ecosystems. The goal of biophysics is to uncover the physical principles underlying the structure and function of biological molecules, cells, and cellular systems, providing a deeper understanding of life itself. The Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences (IBP) stands as a beacon of excellence in the field of biophysical research in the Czech Republic. This article delves into its history, structure, research areas, and major scientific achievements, highlighting the role of IBP in the global scientific community.

• Klíčová slova
• Biophysical methods, Biophysics, DNA damage repair, Ionizing radiation, Radiotherapy,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The nucleolus is a nuclear compartment that plays an important role in ribosome biogenesis. Some structural features and epigenetic patterns are shared between nucleolar and non-nucleolar compartments. For example, the location of transcriptionally active mRNA on extended chromatin loop species is similar to that observed for transcriptionally active ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes on so-called Christmas tree branches. Similarly, nucleolus organizer region-bearing chromosomes located a distance from the nucleolus extend chromatin fibers into the nucleolar compartment. Specific epigenetic events, such as histone acetylation and methylation and DNA methylation, also regulate transcription of both rRNA- and mRNA-encoding loci. Here, we review the epigenetic mechanisms and structural features that regulate transcription of ribosomal and mRNA genes. We focus on similarities in epigenetic and structural regulation of chromatin in nucleoli and the surrounding non-nucleolar region and discuss the role of proteins, such as heterochromatin protein 1, fibrillarin, nucleolin, and upstream binding factor, in rRNA synthesis and processing.

• MeSH
• buněčné jadérko genetika   metabolismus   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• chromatin genetika   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• epigeneze genetická * MeSH
• genetická transkripce MeSH
• geny rRNA MeSH
• histony metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• ribozomy genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chromatin MeSH
• histony MeSH
• messenger RNA MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH