The Achilles tendon (AT) is the strongest tendon of the human body. The knowledge of AT anatomy is a basic prerequisite for the successful treatment of acute and chronic lesions. The structure of the AT results from a complicated fusion of three parts: the tendons of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles. From proximal to distal, the tendon fibers twist in a long spiral into a roughly 90° internal rotation. The tendon is narrowest approximately 5-7 cm above its calcaneal insertion and from there it expands again. The topography of the footprints of the individual AT components reflects the tendon origins. The anterior (deep) AT fibers insert into the middle third of the posterior aspect of the calcaneal tuberosity, the posterior (superficial) fibers pass over the calcaneal tuberosity and fuse with the plantar aponeurosis. A deep calcaneal bursa is interposed between the calcaneal tuberosity and the AT anterior surface. The AT has no synovial sheath but is covered along its entire length with a sliding connective tissue, the paratenon which is, however, absent on its anterior surface. The AT is supplied by the posterior tibial artery (PTA) and the peroneal artery (PA). Motor innervation of the triceps surae muscle is provided by fibers of the tibial nerve which also gives off sensitive fibers for the AT. Sensitive innervation is also provided via the sural nerve. The sural nerve crosses the AT approximately 11 cm proximal to the calcaneal tuberosity. The forces acting on the AT during exercise may be up to 12 times the body weight. Physiological stretching of AT collagen fibers ranges between 2% and 4% of its length. Stretching of the tendon over 4% results in microscopic failure and stretching beyond 8% in macroscopic failure.

Die Achillessehne (AT) ist die stärkste Sehne des menschlichen Körpers. Die Kenntnis der Anatomie der Achillessehne ist eine Grundvoraussetzung für die erfolgreiche Behandlung von akuten und chronischen Läsionen. Die Struktur dieser Sehne ergibt sich aus einer komplizierten Verschmelzung dreier Teile: der Sehnen des medialen und lateralen M. gastrocnemius und M. soleus. Von proximal nach distal verdrehen sich die Sehnenfasern in einer langen Spirale zu einer Innenrotation von etwa 90°. Die Sehne ist etwa 5‑7 cm oberhalb ihres Ansatzes am Kalkaneus am schmalsten und dehnt sich von dort aus wieder aus. Die Topographie der Footprints der einzelnen AT-Komponenten spiegelt die Sehnenursprünge wider. Die vorderen (tiefen) AT-Fasern setzen im mittleren Drittel der hinteren Seite des Tuber calcanei an, die hinteren (oberflächlichen) Fasern ziehen über den Tuber calcanei und verschmelzen mit der Plantaraponeurose. Zwischen dem Tuberculum calcanei und der vorderen Oberfläche der AT befindet sich ein tiefer Schleimbeutel (Bursa calcanei). Die AT hat keine Synovialscheide, sondern ist auf seiner gesamten Länge mit einem gleitenden Bindegewebe, dem Paratenon, bedeckt, das jedoch an seiner vorderen Oberfläche fehlt. Die AT wird von der A. tibialis posterior (PTA) und der A. peronaea (PA) versorgt. Die motorische Innervation des M. triceps surae erfolgt durch Fasern des N. tibialis, der auch sensible Fasern für die AT abgibt. Die sensible Innervation erfolgt auch über den N. suralis. Dieser suralis kreuzt die AT etwa 11 cm proximal des Tuberculum calcanei. Die Kräfte, die bei sportlicher Betätigung auf die AT einwirken, können bis zum 12-fachen des Körpergewichts betragen. Die physiologische Dehnung der Kollagenfasern der AT liegt zwischen 2 und 4% ihrer Länge. Eine Dehnung der Sehne von mehr als 4% führt zu mikroskopischem Versagen und eine Dehnung von mehr als 8% zu makroskopischem Versagen.

• Klíčová slova
• Blood supply, Calcaneal tuberosity, Retrocalcaneal bursa, Tendo calcaneus, Triceps surae muscle,
• MeSH
• Achillova šlacha * anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• anatomické modely MeSH
• kosterní svaly anatomie a histologie   inervace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to describe the origin of the Latin anatomical term vasa vasorum and its role in current medical research and to present examples of grammatical errors in its use. METHODS: Literary searches oriented on the term vasa vasorum were used to identify publications using it in the medical literature from the seventeenth century up to the present. RESULTS: The Latin term vasa vasorum was introduced by Ludwig in 1739. The vasa vasorum became an important topic in clinical research around the middle of the twentieth century, with implications in angiology, cardiology and cardiosurgery. We report 18 grammatical errors concerning the use of the term vasa vasorum, starting from the year 1959. A similar decline in the correct use of Latin terminology is also evident in other medical research disciplines. CONCLUSIONS: The numerous errors found in the use of Latin terminology in recent medical literature have occurred as a consequence of decreased use of Latin in the medical community. The only way to improve this situation is by improving awareness of international standard anatomical terminology, which is available worldwide in both Latin and English.

• Klíčová slova
• Anatomy, Development of the term, Recent incorrect use of the term, Terminology, Vasa vasorum,
• MeSH
• anatomie dějiny   MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• terminologie jako téma * MeSH
• vasa vasorum anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

PURPOSE: The aim of this literary search was to chart the etymology of 32 selected human skeletal muscles, representative of all body regions. METHODS: In researching this study, analysis of 15 influential Latin and German anatomical textbooks, dating from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, was undertaken, as well as reference to four versions of the official Latin anatomical terminologies. Particular emphasis has been placed on the historical development of muscular nomenclature, and the subsequent division of these data into groups, defined by similarities in the evolution of their names into the modern form. RESULTS: The first group represents examples of muscles whose names have not changed since their introduction by Vesalius (1543). The second group comprises muscles which earned their definitive names during the seventeenth and eighteenth century. The third group is defined by acceptance into common anatomical vernacular by the late nineteenth century, including those outlined in the first official Latin terminology (B.N.A.) of 1895. The final group is reserved for six extra-ocular muscles with a particularly poetic history, favoured and popularised by the anatomical giants of late Renaissance and 1,700 s. CONCLUSIONS: As this study will demonstrate, it is evident that up until introduction of the B.N.A. there was an extremely liberal approach to naming muscles, deserving great respect in the retrospective terminological studies if complete and relevant results are to be achieved. Without this knowledge of the vernacular of the ages past, modern researchers can find themselves 'reinventing the wheel' in looking for their answers.

• MeSH
• anatomie dějiny   MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• kosterní svaly * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• terminologie jako téma * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH