The trend of emerging biorefineries is to process the harvest as efficiently as possible and without any waste. From the most valuable phytomass, refined medicines, enzymes, dyes and other special reactants are created. Functional foods, food ingredients, oils, alcohol, solvents, plastics, fillers and a wide variety of other chemical products follow. After being treated with nutrient recovery techniques (for fertilizer production), biofuels or soil improvers are produced from the leftovers. Economic optimization algorithms have confirmed that such complex biorefineries can be financially viable only when a high degree of feedstock concentration is included. Because the plant material is extremely voluminous before processing, the farming intensity of special plants increases in the nearest vicinity of agglomerations where the biorefineries are built for logistical reasons. Interdisciplinary analyses revealed that these optimization measures lead to significantly increased pollen levels in neighbouring urban areas and subsequently an increased risk of allergies, respectively costs to the national health system. A new moral dilemma between the shareholder's profit and public interest was uncovered and subjected to disputation.

• Keywords
• Bioeconomy, Financial optimization, Logistics, Moral dilemma, Public health costs,
• MeSH
• Hypersensitivity etiology   MeSH
• Cost-Benefit Analysis MeSH
• Biomass MeSH
• Biofuels * MeSH
• Biotechnology MeSH
• Ethics, Business MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Morals MeSH
• Delivery of Health Care economics   MeSH
• Industry economics   ethics   MeSH
• Fertilizers * MeSH
• Pollen adverse effects   MeSH
• Plants * MeSH
• Social Responsibility MeSH
• Technology * MeSH
• Environmental Exposure adverse effects   ethics   MeSH
• Agriculture economics   ethics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biofuels * MeSH
• Fertilizers * MeSH

From the early days of philosophy, ethics and justice, there is wide consensus that the constancy of the laws establishes the legal system. On the other hand, the rate at which we accumulate knowledge is gaining speed like never before. Due to the recently increased attention of academics to climate change and other environmental issues, a lot of new knowledge has been obtained about carbon management, its role in nature and mechanisms regarding the formation and degradation of organic matter. A multidisciplinary techno-economic assessment of current composting standards and laws that took into account the current state of knowledge about carbon management was carried out as a case study. Economic and environmental damage caused by outdated laws was revealed. In addition, it was found that the introduction of the best composts into the market is permitted, causing additional negative environmental as well as economic impacts.

• Keywords
• Business environment, Entrepreneurship, Legislation, Products quality,
• MeSH
• Climate Change MeSH
• Composting economics   ethics   legislation & jurisprudence   standards   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Morals * MeSH
• Commerce * ethics   legislation & jurisprudence   MeSH
• Fertilizers economics   standards   MeSH
• Soil chemistry   MeSH
• Social Responsibility MeSH
• Carbon * MeSH
• Environment * MeSH
• Knowledge MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Fertilizers MeSH
• Soil MeSH
• Carbon * MeSH

A new trend in the production technology of solid biof uels has appeared. There is a wide consensus that most solid biofuels will be produced according to the new production methods within a few years. Numerous samples were manufactured from agro-residues according to conventional methods as well as new methods. Robust analyses that reviewed the hygienic, environmental, financial and ethical aspects were performed. The hygienic and environmental aspect was assessed by robust chemical and technical analyses. The financial aspect was assessed by energy cost breakdown. The ethical point of view was built on the above stated findings, the survey questionnaire and critical discussion with the literature. It is concluded that the new production methods are significantly favourable from both the hygienic and environmental points of view. Financial indicators do not allow the expressing of any preference. Regarding the ethical aspect, it is concluded that the new methods are beneficial in terms of environmental responsibility. However, it showed that most of the customers that took part in the survey are price oriented and therefore they tend to prefer the cheaper-conventional alternative. In the long term it can be assumed that expansion of the new technology and competition among manufacturers will reduce the costs.

• Keywords
• Biofuels, Cost breakdown, Ethics in decision making, Financial analysis, Subsidy policy,
• MeSH
• Biofuels * economics   standards   MeSH
• Economics MeSH
• Ethics * MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Environment MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biofuels * MeSH