AIMS: These recommendations aim to improve care for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) at high cardiovascular (CV) risk in Central and Eastern Europe. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD) are major interdependent comorbidities in patients with T2D, accounting for 50% of mortality. Following recent CV outcomes trial (CVOT) results, including those from EMPA-REG OUTCOME®, LEADER®, SUSTAIN™-6 and, most recently, the CANVAS study, it is essential to develop regional expert consensus recommendations to aid physicians in interpreting these newest data to clinical practice. METHODS: The Central and Eastern European Diabetes Expert Group (CEEDEG) followed a Delphi method to develop treatment algorithms to aid physicians in the clinical management of patients with T2D at high CV risk. RESULTS: In light of the latest CVOT results, and in particular the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® and LEADER® trials, the diagnosis, assessment, treatment choice and monitoring of patients with T2D and established CVD and/or CKD have been considered together with existing guidelines and presented in two reference algorithms. In addition, adherence, special prescribing considerations and a proposed multidisciplinary management approach have been discussed and are presented with the proposed algorithms. CONCLUSIONS: The latest available high-level evidence on glucose-lowering drugs has enabled CEEDEG to develop practical consensus recommendations for patients with established CVD and/or CKD. These recommendations represent an update to international and country-level guidelines used for these patients, with the aim of providing a resource not only to endocrinologists, but to cardiologists, nephrologists and primary care physicians in the region.

• Keywords
• Anti-glycaemic drugs, Cardiovascular disease, Renal disease, Type 2 diabetes,
• MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus diagnosis   epidemiology   therapy   MeSH
• Hypoglycemic Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Cardiovascular Diseases diagnosis   epidemiology   therapy   MeSH
• Clinical Trials as Topic methods   standards   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Practice Guidelines as Topic standards   MeSH
• Translational Research, Biomedical methods   standards   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Expert Testimony methods   standards   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe epidemiology   MeSH
• Europe, Eastern epidemiology   MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Hypoglycemic Agents MeSH