Sudden cardiac arrest remains a relevant problem with a significant number of deaths worldwide. Although survival rates have more than tripled over the last 20 years (4% in 2001 vs. 14% in 2020), survival rates with good neurological outcomes remain persistently low, representing a major socioeconomic problem. Every minute of delay from patient collapse to start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and early defibrillation reduces the chance of survival by approximately 10-12%. Therefore, the time to treatment is a crucial factor in the prognosis of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Research teams working in the pre-hospital setting are therefore looking for ways to improve the transmission of information from the site of an emergency event and to make it easier for emergency medical dispatch centres (EMDC) to recognise life-threatening conditions with minimal deviation. For emergency unit procedures already at the scene of the event, methods are being sought to efficiently and temporarily replace a non-functioning cardiopulmonary system. In the case of traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA), the focus is mainly on effective affecting non-compressible haemorrhage.

• Keywords
• ECPR, OHCA, REBOA, artificial intelligence, drones and AED, pre-hospital blood transfusion, video emergency calls,
• MeSH
• Time-to-Treatment MeSH
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation * methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Emergency Medical Services * MeSH
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest * therapy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

BACKGROUND: Pre-hospital blood transfusion (PHBT) is a safe and gradually expanding procedure applied to trauma patients. A proper decision to activate PHBT with the presently limited diagnostic options at the site of an incident poses a challenge for pre-hospital crews. The purpose of this study was to compare the selected scoring systems and to determine whether they can be used as valid tools in identifying patients with PHBT requirements. METHODS: A retrospective single-center study was conducted between June 2018 and December 2020. Overall, 385 patients (aged [median; IQR]: 44; 24-60; 73% males) were included in this study. The values of five selected scoring systems were calculated in all patients. To determine the accuracy of each score for the prediction of PHBT, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used and to measure the association, the odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals was counted (Fig. 1). RESULTS: Regarding the proper indication of PHBT, shock index (SI) and pulse pressure (PP) revealed the highest value of AUC and sensitivity/specificity ratio (SI: AUC 0.88; 95% CI 0.82-0.93; PP: AUC 0.85 with 95% CI 0.79-0.91). CONCLUSION: Shock index and pulse pressure are suitable tools for predicting PHBT in trauma patients.

• Keywords
• Pre-hospital, Pulse pressure, Scoring systems, Shock index, Transfusion, Trauma,
• MeSH
• Blood Pressure MeSH
• Blood Transfusion * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Hospitals MeSH
• Wounds and Injuries * therapy   MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH