A review of methods of DNA analysis used in forensic medicine for identification, paternity testing, etc. is provided. Among other techniques, DNA fingerprinting using different probes and polymerase chain reaction-based techniques such as amplified sequence polymorphisms and minisatellite variant repeat mapping are thoroughly described and both theoretical and practical aspects are discussed.
Long-chain fatty acids can be instantaneously converted into methyl, ethyl or chloroethyl esters by the action of corresponding alkyl chloroformates. The reaction is catalysed by pyridine and proceeds in acetonitrile in the presence of a small amount of the corresponding alcohol. The reproducibility is high and the yield exceeds 95%.
- MeSH
- Chromatography, Gas MeSH
- Esters analysis chemical synthesis MeSH
- Formates chemistry MeSH
- Indicators and Reagents MeSH
- Fatty Acids analysis MeSH
- Pyridines MeSH
- Fish Oils analysis MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Esters MeSH
- Formates MeSH
- Indicators and Reagents MeSH
- Fatty Acids MeSH
- Pyridines MeSH
- Fish Oils MeSH
An improved method suitable for the determination of 8-methoxypsoralen in the range 50-1500 ng/ml in the plasma of psoriatic patients undergoing PUVA (psoralens and long-wave ultraviolet light) therapy is proposed. A 5-ml aliquot of plasma containing sodium citrate as anticoagulant was centrifuged, griseofulvin was added as internal standard and the sample was denatured with acetonitrile. The supernatant was applied to C18 cartridges and 8-methoxypsoralen was eluted with methanol. The evaporated eluate was reconstituted in the mobile phase for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and applied to the HPLC column: mobile phase, acetonitrile-0.01 M phosphoric acid (34:66); flow-rate, 1 ml/min; temperature, 40 degrees C; column, Spherisorb 5 ODS, 100 mm x 4.6 mm I.D., 5 microns particle size; UV detection at 248 nm; detection limit, 15 ng/ml of plasma.
- MeSH
- Griseofulvin blood MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Methoxsalen analysis therapeutic use MeSH
- Psoriasis blood drug therapy MeSH
- PUVA Therapy MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Griseofulvin MeSH
- Methoxsalen MeSH
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of creatinine in control sera is reported, based on its separation from deproteinated serum components on the ion-exchange material HEMA Bio 1000 SB and ultraviolet detection at 230 nm. Groups of eleven to fourteen samples of human serum and several control materials were simultaneously analysed by the Jaffé, enzymic ultraviolet and enzymic peroxidase aminophenazone methods. Another group (52-115 sera) was analysed for correlations with spectrophotometric methods. The precision of the chromatographic method ranges between 2.0 and 1.0% (relative standard deviation) for serum creatinine concentrations of 115.1 to 471 mumol/l, respectively. A very good accuracy was found in analyses of reference materials Kontrollogen-L and -LP. Some results of analyses of the other control sera were higher and the other lower than those obtained by the Jaffé and enzymic methods, because both interferences and enzyme inhibitors were encountered. Correlations between the chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods were good.
- MeSH
- Aminohydrolases MeSH
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration MeSH
- Creatinine blood MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Picrates MeSH
- Spectrophotometry MeSH
- Ureohydrolases MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Aminohydrolases MeSH
- creatinase MeSH Browser
- creatinine deiminase MeSH Browser
- Creatinine MeSH
- picric acid MeSH Browser
- Picrates MeSH
- Ureohydrolases MeSH
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation of nucleotide glycation reaction product(s) has been developed. The product(s) arising during in vitro glycation of a nucleotide (AMP, GMP or CMP) with a reducing sugar (ribose or glucose) were clearly resolved from the non-glycated constituents of the reaction mixture. The peak(s) of the glycated product(s) increased when an amino acid (lysine, arginine, beta-alanine or N epsilon-acetyllysine) was added to the reaction mixture. This increase probably corresponds to the formation of a new product with a different absorption maximum (250 versus 260 nm). Conversely, formation of this product(s) was inhibited by the presence of the metal-chelating agent diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and by aminoguanidine.
- MeSH
- Amino Acids chemistry MeSH
- Chromatography, Thin Layer MeSH
- Glucose chemistry MeSH
- Glyceraldehyde chemistry MeSH
- Guanidines MeSH
- Indicators and Reagents MeSH
- Pentetic Acid MeSH
- Nucleotides chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Ribose chemistry MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Amino Acids MeSH
- Glucose MeSH
- Glyceraldehyde MeSH
- Guanidines MeSH
- Indicators and Reagents MeSH
- Pentetic Acid MeSH
- Nucleotides MeSH
- pimagedine MeSH Browser
- Ribose MeSH
A method using liquid-liquid extraction has been developed for the isolation of acetylsalicylic acid and its metabolites, salicylic, gentisic or possibly salicyluric acids, from whole blood, isolated erythrocytes and plasma. Methylene chloride proved to be the best of the organic solvents tested. For whole blood and isolated erythrocytes it was necessary to carry out haemolysis prior to their extraction. The high-performance liquid chromatographic conditions for the quantitation of acetylsalicylic acid and its metabolites from samples of whole blood, erythrocytes and whole plasma were optimized. Separation was performed using reversed-phase chromatography on Separon SGX C18 and ultraviolet detection at 236 nm. A mixture of methanol-water (80:100, v/v) was the mobile phase, acidified with perchloric acid to pH 2.5.
- MeSH
- Aspirin blood MeSH
- Erythrocytes chemistry MeSH
- Gentisates * MeSH
- Hippurates blood MeSH
- Hydroxybenzoates blood MeSH
- Rabbits MeSH
- Cells, Cultured MeSH
- Salicylic Acid MeSH
- Reproducibility of Results MeSH
- Salicylates blood MeSH
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rabbits MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Names of Substances
- 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid MeSH Browser
- Aspirin MeSH
- Gentisates * MeSH
- Hippurates MeSH
- Hydroxybenzoates MeSH
- Salicylic Acid MeSH
- Salicylates MeSH
- salicylurate MeSH Browser
Gravitational field-flow fractionation is used for the separation of particles according to their sizes in the range 1-100 microns: larger particles elute before smaller ones. This phenomenon can be explained as a result of the steric exclusion of the particles from the vicinity of the channel walls, and/or hydrodynamic effects supposedly associated with the inertia of the liquid. The method was used for the investigation of red blood cells. The dependence of the retention ratio on the flow-rate, sample volume, concentration of blood and relaxation time was studied. Analysis of fifteen individual fractions by Coulter counter and reinjection of three other fractions were studied in order to verify fractionation of red blood cells.
- MeSH
- Erythrocytes chemistry MeSH
- Gravitation MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Cell Separation methods MeSH
- Particle Size MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Ambroxol has been determined in biological fluids using a rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The samples prepared from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction were analysed on reversed-phase silica gel by competing-ion chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The method was applied to the determination of ambroxol levels in twelve healthy volunteers after oral administration of 90 mg of ambroxol in tablets of Mucosolvan and Ambrosan.
- MeSH
- Ambroxol blood pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Biotransformation MeSH
- Bromhexine metabolism MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Reference Values MeSH
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Ambroxol MeSH
- Bromhexine MeSH
A selective off-line solid-phase isolation of antidepressants, neuroleptics and other structurally related basic drugs from plasma or serum prior to high-performance liquid chromatography was tested and optimized for general use in toxicological analyses where concomitant drugs can be encountered. The sequential elution preseparated drug mixtures and simplified the subsequent analytical steps. High isolation efficiencies of cyano-bonded silica cartridges from Baker for fifteen amine drugs were determined. Isocratic chromatography on octadecylsilica proved to be very suitable for broad practical applications in complicated cases. The identification of an unknown peak was supported by photodiode-array detection in the range 200-400 nm with a resolution of 2 nm. The linearity of the assay from therapeutic to toxic concentrations was attained. Sufficient sensitivities covering low therapeutic levels of parent drugs and their demethylated metabolites were reached. The system is flexible and allows various methods of quantitative assay to be devised according to the conditions of a particular case in clinical or forensic toxicology.
- MeSH
- Antidepressive Agents blood poisoning MeSH
- Antipsychotic Agents blood poisoning MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Reproducibility of Results MeSH
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Antidepressive Agents MeSH
- Antipsychotic Agents MeSH
An isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with on-line solid-phase extraction for the simultaneous determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in serum has been developed. A 250-microliters serum sample is injected directly onto a commercially available CN cartridge and, after a washing step, the retained solutes are backflushed onto a bonded-phase CN column using a column-switching technique and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile (26%) and 0.05 M phosphate buffer with diethylamine. Serum is diluted with 0.1 M sodium lauryl sulphate and centrifuged before the injection. Detection at 210 nm ensures sufficient sensitivity. The recovery is almost quantitative and the relative standard deviation ranges from 2.8 to 8.0% for concentrations of 200-40 ng/ml. Being rapid and simple, the method is convenient for routine use.
- MeSH
- Amitriptyline blood MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Nortriptyline blood MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Names of Substances
- Amitriptyline MeSH
- Nortriptyline MeSH
