A review of methods of DNA analysis used in forensic medicine for identification, paternity testing, etc. is provided. Among other techniques, DNA fingerprinting using different probes and polymerase chain reaction-based techniques such as amplified sequence polymorphisms and minisatellite variant repeat mapping are thoroughly described and both theoretical and practical aspects are discussed.

• MeSH
• DNA fingerprinting metody   MeSH
• DNA analýza   genetika   MeSH
• elektroforéza v agarovém gelu metody   MeSH
• individualita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA MeSH

Long-chain fatty acids can be instantaneously converted into methyl, ethyl or chloroethyl esters by the action of corresponding alkyl chloroformates. The reaction is catalysed by pyridine and proceeds in acetonitrile in the presence of a small amount of the corresponding alcohol. The reproducibility is high and the yield exceeds 95%.

• MeSH
• chromatografie plynová MeSH
• estery analýza   chemická syntéza   MeSH
• formiáty chemie   MeSH
• indikátory a reagencie MeSH
• mastné kyseliny analýza   MeSH
• pyridiny MeSH
• rybí oleje analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• estery MeSH
• formiáty MeSH
• indikátory a reagencie MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH
• pyridiny MeSH
• rybí oleje MeSH

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of creatinine in control sera is reported, based on its separation from deproteinated serum components on the ion-exchange material HEMA Bio 1000 SB and ultraviolet detection at 230 nm. Groups of eleven to fourteen samples of human serum and several control materials were simultaneously analysed by the Jaffé, enzymic ultraviolet and enzymic peroxidase aminophenazone methods. Another group (52-115 sera) was analysed for correlations with spectrophotometric methods. The precision of the chromatographic method ranges between 2.0 and 1.0% (relative standard deviation) for serum creatinine concentrations of 115.1 to 471 mumol/l, respectively. A very good accuracy was found in analyses of reference materials Kontrollogen-L and -LP. Some results of analyses of the other control sera were higher and the other lower than those obtained by the Jaffé and enzymic methods, because both interferences and enzyme inhibitors were encountered. Correlations between the chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods were good.

• MeSH
• aminohydrolasy MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kreatinin krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pikráty MeSH
• spektrofotometrie MeSH
• ureohydrolasy MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminohydrolasy MeSH
• creatinase MeSH Prohlížeč
• creatinine deiminase MeSH Prohlížeč
• kreatinin MeSH
• picric acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• pikráty MeSH
• ureohydrolasy MeSH

An improved method suitable for the determination of 8-methoxypsoralen in the range 50-1500 ng/ml in the plasma of psoriatic patients undergoing PUVA (psoralens and long-wave ultraviolet light) therapy is proposed. A 5-ml aliquot of plasma containing sodium citrate as anticoagulant was centrifuged, griseofulvin was added as internal standard and the sample was denatured with acetonitrile. The supernatant was applied to C18 cartridges and 8-methoxypsoralen was eluted with methanol. The evaporated eluate was reconstituted in the mobile phase for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and applied to the HPLC column: mobile phase, acetonitrile-0.01 M phosphoric acid (34:66); flow-rate, 1 ml/min; temperature, 40 degrees C; column, Spherisorb 5 ODS, 100 mm x 4.6 mm I.D., 5 microns particle size; UV detection at 248 nm; detection limit, 15 ng/ml of plasma.

• MeSH
• griseofulvin krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methoxsalen analýza   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• psoriáza krev   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• PUVA terapie MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• griseofulvin MeSH
• methoxsalen MeSH

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation of nucleotide glycation reaction product(s) has been developed. The product(s) arising during in vitro glycation of a nucleotide (AMP, GMP or CMP) with a reducing sugar (ribose or glucose) were clearly resolved from the non-glycated constituents of the reaction mixture. The peak(s) of the glycated product(s) increased when an amino acid (lysine, arginine, beta-alanine or N epsilon-acetyllysine) was added to the reaction mixture. This increase probably corresponds to the formation of a new product with a different absorption maximum (250 versus 260 nm). Conversely, formation of this product(s) was inhibited by the presence of the metal-chelating agent diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and by aminoguanidine.

• MeSH
• aminokyseliny chemie   MeSH
• chromatografie na tenké vrstvě MeSH
• glukosa chemie   MeSH
• glyceraldehyd chemie   MeSH
• guanidiny MeSH
• indikátory a reagencie MeSH
• kyselina pentetová MeSH
• nukleotidy chemie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• ribosa chemie   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny MeSH
• glukosa MeSH
• glyceraldehyd MeSH
• guanidiny MeSH
• indikátory a reagencie MeSH
• kyselina pentetová MeSH
• nukleotidy MeSH
• pimagedine MeSH Prohlížeč
• ribosa MeSH

A method using liquid-liquid extraction has been developed for the isolation of acetylsalicylic acid and its metabolites, salicylic, gentisic or possibly salicyluric acids, from whole blood, isolated erythrocytes and plasma. Methylene chloride proved to be the best of the organic solvents tested. For whole blood and isolated erythrocytes it was necessary to carry out haemolysis prior to their extraction. The high-performance liquid chromatographic conditions for the quantitation of acetylsalicylic acid and its metabolites from samples of whole blood, erythrocytes and whole plasma were optimized. Separation was performed using reversed-phase chromatography on Separon SGX C18 and ultraviolet detection at 236 nm. A mixture of methanol-water (80:100, v/v) was the mobile phase, acidified with perchloric acid to pH 2.5.

• MeSH
• Aspirin krev   MeSH
• erytrocyty chemie   MeSH
• gentisáty * MeSH
• hippuráty krev   MeSH
• hydroxybenzoáty krev   MeSH
• králíci MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• kyselina salicylová MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• salicylany krev   MeSH
• spektrofotometrie ultrafialová MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• králíci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• Aspirin MeSH
• gentisáty * MeSH
• hippuráty MeSH
• hydroxybenzoáty MeSH
• kyselina salicylová MeSH
• salicylany MeSH
• salicylurate MeSH Prohlížeč

Gravitational field-flow fractionation is used for the separation of particles according to their sizes in the range 1-100 microns: larger particles elute before smaller ones. This phenomenon can be explained as a result of the steric exclusion of the particles from the vicinity of the channel walls, and/or hydrodynamic effects supposedly associated with the inertia of the liquid. The method was used for the investigation of red blood cells. The dependence of the retention ratio on the flow-rate, sample volume, concentration of blood and relaxation time was studied. Analysis of fifteen individual fractions by Coulter counter and reinjection of three other fractions were studied in order to verify fractionation of red blood cells.

• MeSH
• erytrocyty chemie   MeSH
• gravitace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• separace buněk metody   MeSH
• velikost částic MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Ambroxol has been determined in biological fluids using a rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The samples prepared from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction were analysed on reversed-phase silica gel by competing-ion chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The method was applied to the determination of ambroxol levels in twelve healthy volunteers after oral administration of 90 mg of ambroxol in tablets of Mucosolvan and Ambrosan.

• MeSH
• ambroxol krev   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• biotransformace MeSH
• bromhexin metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• referenční hodnoty MeSH
• spektrofotometrie ultrafialová MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ambroxol MeSH
• bromhexin MeSH

A selective off-line solid-phase isolation of antidepressants, neuroleptics and other structurally related basic drugs from plasma or serum prior to high-performance liquid chromatography was tested and optimized for general use in toxicological analyses where concomitant drugs can be encountered. The sequential elution preseparated drug mixtures and simplified the subsequent analytical steps. High isolation efficiencies of cyano-bonded silica cartridges from Baker for fifteen amine drugs were determined. Isocratic chromatography on octadecylsilica proved to be very suitable for broad practical applications in complicated cases. The identification of an unknown peak was supported by photodiode-array detection in the range 200-400 nm with a resolution of 2 nm. The linearity of the assay from therapeutic to toxic concentrations was attained. Sufficient sensitivities covering low therapeutic levels of parent drugs and their demethylated metabolites were reached. The system is flexible and allows various methods of quantitative assay to be devised according to the conditions of a particular case in clinical or forensic toxicology.

• MeSH
• antidepresiva krev   otrava   MeSH
• antipsychotika krev   otrava   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• spektrofotometrie ultrafialová MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antidepresiva MeSH
• antipsychotika MeSH

An isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with on-line solid-phase extraction for the simultaneous determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in serum has been developed. A 250-microliters serum sample is injected directly onto a commercially available CN cartridge and, after a washing step, the retained solutes are backflushed onto a bonded-phase CN column using a column-switching technique and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile (26%) and 0.05 M phosphate buffer with diethylamine. Serum is diluted with 0.1 M sodium lauryl sulphate and centrifuged before the injection. Detection at 210 nm ensures sufficient sensitivity. The recovery is almost quantitative and the relative standard deviation ranges from 2.8 to 8.0% for concentrations of 200-40 ng/ml. Being rapid and simple, the method is convenient for routine use.

• MeSH
• amitriptylin krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nortriptylin krev   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amitriptylin MeSH
• nortriptylin MeSH