We suggest a new technique for estimating the relative drawdown of CO2 concentration (c) in the intercellular air space (IAS) across hypostomatous leaves (expressed as the ratio cd/cb, where the indexes d and b denote the adaxial and abaxial edges, respectively, of IAS), based on the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of leaf cuticular membranes (CMs), cuticular waxes (WXs) or epicuticular waxes (EWXs) isolated from opposite leaf sides. The relative drawdown in the intracellular liquid phase (i.e., the ratio cc/cbd, where cc and cbd stand for mean CO2 concentrations in chloroplasts and in the IAS), the fraction of intercellular resistance in the total mesophyll resistance (rIAS/rm), leaf thickness, and leaf mass per area (LMA) were also assessed. We show in a conceptual model that the upper (adaxial) side of a hypostomatous leaf should be enriched in 13C compared to the lower (abaxial) side. CM, WX, and/or EWX isolated from 40 hypostomatous C3 species were 13C depleted relative to bulk leaf tissue by 2.01-2.85‰. The difference in δ13C between the abaxial and adaxial leaf sides (δ13CAB - 13CAD, Δb-d), ranged from - 2.22 to + 0.71‰ (- 0.09 ± 0.54‰, mean ± SD) in CM and from - 7.95 to 0.89‰ (- 1.17 ± 1.40‰) in WX. In contrast, two tested amphistomatous species showed no significant Δb-d difference in WX. Δb-d correlated negatively with LMA and leaf thickness of hypostomatous leaves, which indicates that the mesophyll air space imposes a non-negligible resistance to CO2 diffusion. δ13C of EWX and 30-C aldehyde in WX reveal a stronger CO2 drawdown than bulk WX or CM. Mean values of cd/cb and cc/cbd were 0.90 ± 0.12 and 0.66 ± 0.11, respectively, across 14 investigated species in which wax was isolated and analyzed. The diffusion resistance of IAS contributed 20 ± 14% to total mesophyll resistance and reflects species-specific and environmentally-induced differences in leaf functional anatomy.

• Klíčová slova
• CO2 diffusion, Carbon isotope discrimination, Cuticle, Leaf mesophyll, Leaf traits, Mesophyll conductance, Waxes,
• MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• extracelulární prostor metabolismus   MeSH
• izotopy uhlíku metabolismus   MeSH
• listy rostlin anatomie a histologie   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• mezofylové buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• nadmořská výška MeSH
• oxid uhličitý metabolismus   MeSH
• vosky metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• izotopy uhlíku MeSH
• oxid uhličitý MeSH
• vosky MeSH

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this international survey was to describe the current practices and techniques of labor analgesia in the Czech Republic (CZE) and Slovakia (SVK). METHODS: All Czech and Slovak departments that provide obstetric anesthesia were invited to participate in a one-month (November 2015) prospective study that monitored in detail all peripartum anesthetic procedures delivered by anesthesiologists. Participating centers recorded all data on-line in the CLADE-IS database (Masaryk University, CZE). RESULTS: The response rate was 71% (70 of 95 departments in CZE, 35 of 54 centers in SVK). Participating centers represented 87.7% of all births in CZE and 66.4% of all births in SVK during the study period. Analgesia for labor, administered by anesthesiologists, was recorded in 12.5% of deliveries (CZE 12.1%, SVK 13.4%). Epidural analgesia was used in most of the cases (CZE 97.2%, SVK 99.1%) whereas spinal (CZE 1.4%, SVK 0.9%) or combined spinal-epidural (CZE 0.5%, SVK 0.0%) and intravenous remifentanil analgesia (CZE 2.4%, SVK 0.0%) were used infrequently. One fifth of the labors with analgesia administered by anesthesiologists (CZE 20.2%, SVK 20.5%) terminated in cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: Although labor analgesia was available in all Czech and Slovak obstetric centers, only a small proportion of parturients received an effective method of labor pain relief (regional or intravenous analgesia).

• Klíčová slova
• Analgesia, Epidural, Labor, National, Survey,
• MeSH
• epidurální analgezie škodlivé účinky   metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• porodnická analgezie škodlivé účinky   metody   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Low level of physical activity is an independent risk factor of civilization disorders. Intervention for increasing physical activity has been for generations mentioned in health care. Because of low adherence of the population to those general appeals it is necessary to improve radically the knowledge of health professionals about individual exercise prescription. The aim of this study was to analyze approach of medical doctors in this particular dilemma. METHODS AND RESULTS: A questionnaire was distributed at postgraduate courses for medical doctors. Data from doctors of different specializations were summarized (N=657, from which 458 were females, i.e. 69,7 %, mean age=38,8+/-9,74). 96,4 % of doctors stated that they recommend exercise to their patients though only up to 23,4 % of them are regularly asked by their patients about the exercise. Concrete (type, intensity, duration and frequency) or individually tailored recommendation give 66,2 %, or 62,6 % of doctors respectively. Most respondents (56,0 %) also recommend a consultation of another specialist (mostly rehabilitation doctor and physiotherapist). Majority of addressed professionals shows that current medical education structure does not enable adequate prescription of physical activity without the help of specialist. CONCLUSIONS: Study showed a positive attitude of medical doctors to exercise prescription. However, information about the need of individualized prescription and knowledge about possibilities of exercise therapy in particular regions should be increased.

• MeSH
• cvičení * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lékaři psychologie   MeSH
• lékařské předpisy * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• podpora zdraví * MeSH
• postoj zdravotnického personálu * MeSH
• tělesná výkonnost MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

Downregulation of MHC class I molecules is believed to be often the cause of tumor immune escape and at the same time it is the major obstacle to T-cell based immunotherapy of tumors. In our experimental model, the C57BL/6 mice bearing tumors induced by TC-1/A9 cells characterized by expression of HPV16 oncogenes and downregulation of H-2b molecules were immunized with highly immunogenic E7GGG.GUS DNA vaccine expressing the fused gene of modified HPV16 E7 (E7GGG) with E.coli beta-glucuronidase (GUS). The DNA vaccine was administered by gene gun on days 7 and 14 after s.c. injection of tumor cells. The tumors in situ were injected with recombinant vaccinia virus MVA expressing the gene for murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MVA-GM-CSF). Two doses of the DNA vaccine combined with at least two consecutive local treatments with MVA-GM-CSF were able to inhibit significantly the growth of tumors. We have shown by ELISPOT-IFNgamma that in situ expression of the GM-CSF gene did not enhance the E7 specific systemic Tcell response. We found that local injections of MVA-GM-CSF induced an increase of intratumoral CD3+ T cell counts and that the DNA vaccination resulted in up-regulation of MHC type I molecules on tumor cells in vivo. We suppose that i.t. delivery of MVA-GM-CSF changed the local tumor microenvironment and rendered tumors more attractive and better accessible to effector T cells.

• MeSH
• DNA vakcíny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• down regulace MeSH
• Escherichia coli enzymologie   MeSH
• faktor stimulující granulocyto-makrofágové kolonie genetika   MeSH
• genetická terapie MeSH
• glukuronidasa MeSH
• H-2 antigeny metabolismus   MeSH
• infekce papilomavirem mortalita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidský papilomavirus 16 genetika   MeSH
• míra přežití MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• onkogenní proteiny virové genetika   MeSH
• Papillomavirus E7 - proteiny MeSH
• protinádorové vakcíny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• reziduální nádor etiologie   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• vakcinace MeSH
• virus vakcinie genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA vakcíny MeSH
• faktor stimulující granulocyto-makrofágové kolonie MeSH
• glukuronidasa MeSH
• H-2 antigeny MeSH
• oncogene protein E7, Human papillomavirus type 16 MeSH Prohlížeč
• onkogenní proteiny virové MeSH
• Papillomavirus E7 - proteiny MeSH
• protinádorové vakcíny MeSH

The adaptation of children to the exercise is discussed. The principles of adaptation are in children different of those of adults. The anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates has lower activity and lower levels of LA by the lack of rate limiting enzyme phosphofructokinase and by earlier and higher increase of oxygen consumption in prepubertal children. The a-v O difference is higher in children; this contributes to perfection of the adaptation pattern of the cardiorespiratory system. Local flow in peripheral circulation in the working muscle is higher by 30% in children than in adults.

• MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• glycerol metabolismus   MeSH
• hemodynamika MeSH
• katecholaminy metabolismus   MeSH
• kosterní svaly anatomie a histologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina mléčná MeSH
• laktáty metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanika dýchání MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glycerol MeSH
• katecholaminy MeSH
• kyselina mléčná MeSH
• laktáty MeSH

Based on recent pharmacological and pathophysiological findings, the authors confront still persisting unsubstantiated views with modern ones regarding the duration of action of analgetics, equianalgesic doses, abstention symptoms, development of dependence, tolerance and the use of co-analgetics. An important place in the potentiation of the effect of analgetics is held by the application of suitable procedures and methods in the sphere of nursing care.

• MeSH
• analgetika aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bolest farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• analgetika MeSH

In order to analyze the relationship between VO2 max and height, body mass and lean body mass a multi-longitudinal survey was conducted on three different age groups of randomly selected children from a small Czech community. Beginning at the initial ages of 8, 12 and 16 years subjects were subsequently retested three times at two year intervals. At overlapping ages there were no differences in the various age groups between height and VO2 max. By utilizing mean values for the various parameters at specific calendar ages a growth curve was constructed for each sex for the age range 8 to 20 years. The values were compared with longitudinal studies of various countries and no substantial differences were found. When VO2 max was then compared to height, body mass and lean body mass it was apparent that the almost linear relationship with height was the most precise. In addition the children remained, generally speaking, in their same rank order for VO2 max for the three different age groupings.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku MeSH
• tělesná konstituce MeSH
• tělesná výkonnost * MeSH
• zátěžový test MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• zrakové evokované potenciály * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• cholesterol krev   MeSH
• cvičení * MeSH
• koronární nemoc krev   epidemiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipoproteiny krev   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cholesterol MeSH
• lipoproteiny MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• koronární nemoc epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH