Determination of sex is one of the most important and challenging disciplines in biological anthropology. Creating a robust tool for sexing crania is crucial for forensic anthropology, especially in this period of migration, travel, and globalization, when different populations are mixed together in one region. Many different approaches to sex estimation using the skull have been published; however, population specificity and oscillation of variable sexual dimorphism typically reduces their effectiveness. The aim of this study was to create a robust classifier using virtual anthropology without the use of a CT scanner. The entire cranial surface was analyzed using coherent point drift-dense correspondence analysis and classification was performed using a support vector machine with a radial kernel, minimizing subjective error. The study sample consisted of 103 CT scans of a recent southern French population. Virtual scans of 52 males and 51 females (age from 18 to 92) were analyzed using 3D software systems (Rapidform, Avizo, Morphome3cs) and innovative approaches in geometric morphometrics. Leave-one-out crossvalidation was also applied. Sex differences in shape and form were displayed by colour scale maps. The whole cranial surface was significantly different between males and females in size (form). Sexual dimorphism was significantly lower in senile skulls. The most exclusive areas were the supraorbital region, orbits, cheek bones, nasal apertures, mastoids, and external occipital protuberances. The method provided a high level of classification accuracy (90.3%) in sexing male and female skulls and is a valuable tool for sex determination.

• Klíčová slova
• Biological identification, Exocranium, Forensic anthropology, Sex estimation, Skull, Virtual anthropology,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lebka anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• soudní antropologie MeSH
• support vector machine MeSH
• určení pohlaví podle kostry metody   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Francie MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• CRANIUM/abnormalities *,
• MeSH
• hlava * MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň * MeSH
• kraniofaciální abnormality * MeSH
• lebka abnormality   MeSH
• muskuloskeletální abnormality * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND. The aim of the study was to compare craniofacial and dental characteristics of contemporary and historical populations and elucidate some etiological aspects of malocclusion. METHODS AND RESULTS. Con-temporary cohort of 703 university students and three historical samples (73 skulls from 9th century, 344 skulls from the 10th to 14th century and 210 skulls from the 14th to 18th century were examined. Measurements of craniometric and anthropometric points were done. The width of jaws was examined in Pont's points. Björk´s method for epidemiological registration of malocclusion was used; teleroentgenograms were examined as well. Broader dental arches regardless of the type of skull and significantly lower frequency of serious malocclusions were proven in historical population. CONCLUSION. The extreme increase of serious malocclusions in the contemporary population is more probably caused by civilisation factors than secular trend in formation of skull. .

• MeSH
• antropometrie MeSH
• historická kontrolní studie MeSH
• kefalometrie MeSH
• lebka embryologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malokluze embryologie   epidemiologie   patologie   MeSH
• zubní oblouk embryologie   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• CRANIUM/diseases *, NERVES, FACIAL/diseases *, OSTEITIS DEFORMANS *,
• MeSH
• hlava * MeSH
• lebka * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoc inervace   MeSH
• nemoci kostí * MeSH
• obličej inervace   MeSH
• Pagetova kostní nemoc * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• CRANIUM/effect of radiations on *, RADIATIONS/injurious effects *, SPINE/effect of radiations on *,
• MeSH
• lebka účinky záření   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• páteř účinky záření   MeSH
• poruchy růstu * MeSH
• záření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kefalometrie * MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lebka abnormality   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obličej abnormality   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• vrozené vady diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• cerebrální krvácení diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• dopravní nehody MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kraniocerebrální traumata komplikace   MeSH
• lebka zranění   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozková angiografie * MeSH
• subdurální hematom diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• CRANIUM *,
• MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň * MeSH
• lebka * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Lungfishes are the extant sister group of tetrapods. As such, they are important for the study of evolutionary processes involved in the water to land transition of vertebrates. The evolution of a true neck, that is, the complete separation of the pectoral girdle from the cranium, is one of the most intriguing morphological transitions known among vertebrates. Other salient changes involve new adaptations for terrestrial feeding, which involves both the cranium and its associated musculature. Historically, the cranium has been extensively investigated, but the development of the cranial muscles much less so. Here, we present a detailed study of cephalic muscle development in the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, which is considered to be the sister taxon to all other extant lungfishes. Neoceratodus shows several developmental patterns previously described in other taxa; the tendency of muscles to develop from anterior to posterior, from their region of origin toward insertion, and from lateral to ventral/medial (outside-in), at least in the branchial arches. The m.protractor pectoralis appears to develop as an extension of the most posterior m.levatores arcuum branchialium, supporting the hypothesis that the m.cucullaris and its derivatives (protractor pectoralis, levatores arcuum branchialium) are branchial muscles. We present a new hypothesis regarding the homology of the ventral branchial arch muscles (subarcualis recti and obliqui, transversi ventrales) in lungfishes and amphibians. Moreover, the morphology and development of the cephalic muscles confirms that extant lungfishes are neotenic and have been strongly influenced via paedomorphosis during their evolutionary history.

• Klíčová slova
• Dipnoi, cranial muscles, heterochrony, neoteny, ontogeny, paedomorphosis,
• MeSH
• krk anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lebka anatomie a histologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• ryby anatomie a histologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• svaly anatomie a histologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• vývoj svalů * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH

The incomplete cranium discovered at the Zlatý kůň site in the Bohemian Karst is a rare piece of skeletal evidence of human presence in Central Europe during the Late Glacial period. The relative position of cranial fragments was restored and missing parts of the cranium were virtually reconstructed using mirroring and the Thin-plate splines algorithm. The reconstruction allowed us to collect principal cranial measurements, revise a previous unfounded sex assignment and explore the specimen's morphological affinity. Visual assessment could not reliably provide a sexual diagnosis, as such methods have been developed on modern populations. Using a population-specific approach developed on cranial measurements collected from the literature on reliably sexed European Upper Palaeolithic specimens, linear discriminant analysis confirmed previous assignment to the female sex. However, caution is necessary with regard to the fact that it was assessed from the skull. The Zlatý kůň specimen clearly falls within the range of Upper Palaeolithic craniometric variation. Despite the shift in cranial variation that accompanied the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the Zlatý kůň skull exhibits a morphological affinity with the pre-LGM population. Several interpretations are proposed with regard to the complex population processes that occurred after the LGM in Europe.

• MeSH
• diskriminační analýza MeSH
• kefalometrie metody   MeSH
• lebka anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• zkameněliny * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH