PURPOSE: The aim was to determine the optimal slice thickness of CT images and the optimal threshold of negative voxels for CT histogram analysis to distinguish adrenal adenomas from non-adenomas with a mean attenuation more than 10 Hounsfield units (HU). METHODS: Volume CT histogram analysis of 83 lipid-poor adenomas and 80 non-adenomas was performed retrospectively. The volume of interest was extracted from each adrenal lesion, and the mean attenuation, standard deviation (SD), and percentage of voxels with a negative CT value were recorded using reconstructions with different slice thicknesses (5 mm, 2.5 mm, 1.25 mm). The percentage of negative voxels was correlated with SD as a measure of image noise and with the reference splenic tissue values. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) for the identification of adenomas were calculated using reconstructions with different slice thicknesses and three different thresholds of negative voxels (1%, 5%, 10%). RESULTS: The percentage of negative voxels increased with a thinner slice thickness and correlated with increasing CT image noise in adenomas, non-adenomas, and spleen. Using a threshold of 10% negative voxels and a slice thickness of 5 mm, we reached a sensitivity of 53.0%, specificity of 98.8% and the highest PPV, and thus we propose this combination for clinical use. Other combinations achieved a clearly lower specificity and PPV as a result of the increasing noise in CT images. CONCLUSION: The CT slice thickness significantly affects the result and diagnostic value of histogram analysis. Thin CT slice reconstructions are inappropriate for histogram analysis.

• Klíčová slova
• Adrenal gland neoplasms, Adrenocortical adenoma, Computed tomography, Histogram analysis, Incidentaloma,
• MeSH
• adenom kůry nadledvin diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• feochromocytom diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nádory nadledvin diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie metody   MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Background and Objectives: Our aim was to verify the optimal cut-off value for unenhanced CT attenuation and the percentage of negative voxels in the volume CT histogram analysis of adrenal masses. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the CT data of patients who underwent an adrenalectomy in the period 2002-2019. In total, 413 adrenalectomies were performed. Out of these, 233 histologically verified masses (123 adenomas, 58 pheochromocytomas, 18 carcinomas, and 34 metastases) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected for analysis. The mean unenhanced attenuation in Hounsfield units (HU) and the percentage of voxels with attenuation less than 0 HU (negative voxels) were measured in each mass. Results: The mean unenhanced attenuation with a cut-off value of 10 HU reached a sensitivity of 59.4% and a specificity of 99.1% for benign adenomas. The mean unenhanced attenuation with a cut-off value of 15 HU reached a sensitivity of 69.1% and a specificity of 98.2%. For the histogram analysis, a cut-off value of 10% of negative pixels reached a sensitivity of 82.9% and a specificity of 98.2%, whereas a cut-off value of 5% of negative pixels reached a sensitivity of 87.8% and a specificity of 75.5%. The percentage of negative voxels reached a slightly better area under the curve (0.919) than unenhanced attenuation (0.908). Conclusion: Mean unenhanced attenuation with a cut-off value of 10 HU represents a simple tool, and the most specific one, to distinguish adrenal adenomas from non-adenomas. CT histogram analysis with cut-off values of 10% of negative voxels improves sensitivity without any loss of specificity.

• Klíčová slova
• adrenal gland neoplasms, adrenal incidentaloma, adrenocortical adenoma, computed tomography, histogram analysis,
• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory nadledvin * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie * MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Recently, deepfake technology has become a popularly used technique for swapping faces in images or videos that create forged data to mislead society. Detecting the originality of the video is a critical process due to the negative pattern of the image. In the detection of forged images or videos, various image processing techniques were implemented. Existing methods are ineffective in detecting new threats or false images. This article has proposed You Only Look Once-Local Binary Pattern Histogram (YOLO-LBPH) to detect fake videos. YOLO is used to detect the face in an image or a frame of a video. The spatial features are extracted from the face image using a EfficientNet-B5 method. Spatial feature extractions are fed as input in the Local Binary Pattern Histogram to extract temporal features. The proposed YOLO-LBPH is implemented using the large scale deepfake forensics (DF) dataset known as CelebDF-FaceForensics++(c23), which is a combination of FaceForensics++(c23) and Celeb-DF. As a result, the precision score is 86.88% in the CelebDF-FaceForensics++(c23) dataset, 88.9% in the DFFD dataset, 91.35% in the CASIA-WebFace data. Similarly, the recall is 92.45% in the Celeb-DF-Face Forensics ++(c23) dataset, 93.76% in the DFFD dataset, and 94.35% in the CASIA-Web Face dataset.

• Klíčová slova
• Celeb DF-Face Forensics++, Celeb-DF, Deepfake, FaceForencies++, LBPH, YOLO,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Passive permeation events across biological membranes are determining steps in the pharmacokinetics of xenobiotics. To reach an accurate and rapid prediction of membrane permeation coefficients of drugs is a complex challenge, which can efficiently support drug discovery. Such predictions are indeed highly valuable as they may guide the selection of potential leads with optimum bioavailabilities prior to synthesis. Theoretical models exist to predict these coefficients. Many of them are based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which allow calculation of permeation coefficients through the evaluation of both the potential of mean force (PMF) and the diffusivity profiles. However, these simulations still require intensive computational efforts, and novel methodologies should be developed and benchmarked. Free energy perturbation (FEP) method was recently shown to estimate PMF with a significantly reduced computational cost compared to the adaptive biasing force method. This benchmarking was achieved with small molecules, namely short-chain alcohols. Here, we show that to estimate the PMF of bulkier, drug-like xenobiotics, conformational sampling is a critical issue. To reach a sufficient sampling with FEP calculations requires a relatively long time-scale, which can lower the benefits related to the computational gain. In the present work, the Accelerated Weight Histogram (AWH) method was employed for the first time in all-atom membrane models. The AWH-based protocol, named MemCross, appears affordable to estimate PMF profiles of a series of drug-like xenobiotics, compared to other enhanced sampling methods. The continuous exploration of the crossing pathway by MemCross also allows modeling subdiffusion by computing fractional diffusivity profiles. The method is also versatile as its input parameters are largely insensitive to the molecule properties. It also ensures a detailed description of the molecule orientations along the permeation pathway, picturing all intermolecular interactions at an atomic resolution. Here, MemCross was applied on a series of 12 xenobiotics, including four weak acids, and a coherent structure-activity relationship was established.

• Klíčová slova
• AWH, FEP, Fractional diffusivity, Membrane, PMF, Permeation, Protonation state,
• MeSH
• buněčná membrána metabolismus   MeSH
• entropie MeSH
• permeabilita buněčné membrány MeSH
• permeabilita MeSH
• simulace molekulární dynamiky * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We contribute a novel, ball-histogram approach to DNA-binding propensity prediction of proteins. Unlike state-of-the-art methods based on constructing an ad-hoc set of features describing physicochemical properties of the proteins, the ball-histogram technique enables a systematic, Monte-Carlo exploration of the spatial distribution of amino acids complying with automatically selected properties. This exploration yields a model for the prediction of DNA binding propensity. We validate our method in prediction experiments, improving on state-of-the-art accuracies. Moreover, our method also provides interpretable features involving spatial distributions of selected amino acids.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• aminokyseliny analýza   MeSH
• DNA analýza   MeSH
• metoda Monte Carlo MeSH
• proteiny analýza   MeSH
• sekundární struktura proteinů MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• výpočetní biologie metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• proteiny MeSH

Three algorithms for assessment of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) have been evaluated: cross-correlation function, histogram analysis and regression plot. The algorithms were tested experimentally in a group of 11 subjects. A cross-correlation function with a high time resolution (1 ms) was used for investigation of the time lag between instantaneous heart rate and respiration (CTL). This time lag was not affected by the breathing rate in a range of 8 to 29 breaths per minute. A mathematical model of CTL compared with experimental results indicates that respiratory sinus arrhythmia is probably modulated directly by the respiratory network in the brainstem rather than by a baroreflex in the range of breathing rate investigated. Histogram analysis reflects the impact of inspiration and expiration on respiratory sinus arrhythmia. For this purpose heart rate changes were separated into two distributions (inspiration-expiration). The result value (U-VAL) of the Mann-Whitney U-test reflects the impact of respiration on heart rate variability. Regression analysis of heart rate versus respiration shows that the heart rate increase is more closely coupled to inspiration than the heart rate decrease to expiration. Both, CTL and U-VAL are thought to be useful parameters for clinical investigation of RSA.

• MeSH
• algoritmy * MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dýchání fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozkový kmen fyziologie   MeSH
• nervová síť fyziologie   MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• srdeční frekvence fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• abnormality trávicího systému * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory nadledvin * MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• komentáře MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• arousal fyziologie   MeSH
• corpus striatum fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• elektrofyziologie metody   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• nucleus caudatus fyziologie   MeSH
• pentobarbital farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• pentobarbital MeSH

• MeSH
• corpus striatum účinky léků   MeSH
• inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• tubokurarin farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• tubokurarin MeSH