Studying morphogenesis is unthinkable without visualizing shapes, and sharing the results of such studies critically depends on communicating image data. Despite a wealth of literature dealing with acquisition and analysis of image data, visualizing them for publication or presentation purposes remains a craft learned mainly by experience. This chapter provides a practical guide to producing publication-grade illustrations out of raw microscopic (or other) digital images, using mostly or exclusively free software, and points out some common problems and their solutions.

• Klíčová slova
• Bit depth, Bitmap, Computer graphics, Data visualization, ImageJ, Inkscape, Microscopy, Raster, Resolution, Vector,
• MeSH
• mikroskopie metody   MeSH
• počítače MeSH
• počítačová grafika MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu metody   MeSH
• software * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Statistical surveys show that the majority of traffic accidents occur due to low visibility, highlighting the need to delve into innovative car lighting technologies. A car driver must not only be able to see but also to be seen. The issue of headlight illumination is vital, especially during the dark hours of the night. Therefore, the focus of this article is determining the range of visibility of dipped (low-beam) headlights under specific experimental conditions. We also designed a methodical guideline aimed at identifying the distance at which dipped headlights illuminate the road while a vehicle is in motion. Research conducted on various classes of road confirmed that the Hyundai i40 is best used on higher-class roads, while the Dacia Sandero is better used on lower-class roads due to the shape and spreading out of its light cone. Furthermore, the pros and cons of the distribution of light cones on several classes of road are presented. Sensor-related equipment was also used to investigate light beam afterglow. In particular, an LX-1108 light meter was applied to determine the obstacle illumination intensity, the properties of which enable recording of low lighting values, and a DJI Mavic AIR 2 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV; drone) was utilized to record the data related to the location of the examined vehicle, as well as light afterglow at night; relevant data evaluation was carried out using Inkscape software.

• Klíčová slova
• dazzlement, headlight, light cone, range of visibility, sensor-related equipment, traffic safety,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

AIM: In order to improve the surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Streptococcal Infections implemented whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Streptococcus pneumoniae. This article reports the first WGS data on S. pneumoniae isolates in the Czech Republic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-five isolates of S. pneumoniae from IPD recovered in 2017-2019 were selected for WGS. These were serotypes 4, 8, 9V, 19A, and 22F, which were determined by the Quellung reaction in combination with endpoint multiplex PCR (mPCR). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is routinely used for more detailed analysis termed sequence typing. The selected isolates were analysed by WGS on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The sequences obtained were processed using the Velvet de novo Assembler software. The assembled genomes were uploaded into the PubMLST database, using the BIGSdb platform, and then scanned automatically and molecularly characterized. The isolates were compared at three resolution levels: seven MLST genes, 53 ribosomal genes (rMLST), and 1420 genes (all loci). The all loci scheme covers MLST genes, ribosomal genes, and core genome MLST genes (cgMLST). These are all currently defined genes of S. pneumoniae available in the PubMLST database. Distance matrices based on the number and variability of all loci analysed were generated automatically using the Genome Comparator tool. Phylogenetic networks were created and edited with the SplitsTree4 package, using the NeighborNet algorithm. The final graphics were edited with the Inkscape software. RESULTS: Based on an overall view of the phylogenetic networks, it can be concluded that the genetic lines within each of S. pneumoniae serotypes 4, 8, 9V, 19A, and 22F are highly unrelated, to the same extent as if the isolates were of different serotypes. S. pneumoniae isolates of the same serotype, whether or not of the same sequence type, can be described, based on the results, as a non-homogeneous group with a number of unrelated genetic clusters that share genes assigning them to a specific serotype. WGS has also shown its discriminatory power, allowing the assignment of isolates of the same serotype and sequence type to different genetic clusters. CONCLUSION: Of the methods used so far in the Czech Republic, WGS allows the most detailed characterization of S. pneumoniae isolates. It is highly desirable to integrate it in the molecular surveillance of IPD in the Czech Republic, similarly to other countries in Europe and in the world.

• Klíčová slova
• MLST, Streptococcus pneumoniae, WGS, genomic surveillance, sequence type, serotype, whole genome sequencing,
• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• pneumokokové infekce * MeSH
• sekvenování celého genomu * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Evropa MeSH