Jasmonates (JAs) are signals in plant stress responses and development. One of the first observed and prominent responses to JAs is the induction of biosynthesis of different groups of secondary compounds. Among them are nicotine, isoquinolines, glucosinolates, anthocyanins, benzophenanthridine alkaloids, artemisinin, and terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), such as vinblastine. This brief review describes modes of action of JAs in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, nicotine, TIAs, glucosinolates and artemisinin. After introducing JA biosynthesis, the central role of the SCFCOI1-JAZ co-receptor complex in JA perception and MYB-type and MYC-type transcription factors is described. Brief comments are provided on primary metabolites as precursors of secondary compounds. Pathways for the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, nicotine, TIAs, glucosinolates and artemisinin are described with an emphasis on JA-dependent transcription factors, which activate or repress the expression of essential genes encoding enzymes in the biosynthesis of these secondary compounds. Applied aspects are discussed using the biotechnological formation of artemisinin as an example of JA-induced biosynthesis of secondary compounds in plant cell factories.

• MeSH
• anthokyaniny biosyntéza   MeSH
• artemisininy metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• biosyntetické dráhy MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosinoláty biosyntéza   MeSH
• metabolické inženýrství MeSH
• nikotin biosyntéza   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekologanin-tryptaminové alkaloidy metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• transkripční faktory metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

MAIN CONCLUSION: The present review summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthesis and biological importance of isoprenoid-derived plant signaling compounds. Cellular organisms use chemical signals for intercellular communication to coordinate their growth, development, and responses to environmental cues. The skeletons of majority of plant signaling molecules, mediators of plant intercellular 'broadcasting', are built from C5 units of isoprene and therefore belong to a huge and diverse group of natural substances called isoprenoids (terpenoids). They fill many important roles in nature. This review summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthesis and biological importance of a group of isoprenoid-derived plant signaling compounds.

• MeSH
• brassinosteroidy biosyntéza   MeSH
• cytokininy biosyntéza   MeSH
• gibereliny biosyntéza   MeSH
• kyselina abscisová biosyntéza   MeSH
• metabolické sítě a dráhy MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• terpeny metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Legume mutants have shown the requirement for receptor-mediated cytokinin signaling in symbiotic nodule organogenesis. While the receptors are central regulators, cytokinin also is accumulated during early phases of symbiotic interaction, but the pathways involved have not yet been fully resolved. To identify the source, timing, and effect of this accumulation, we followed transcript levels of the cytokinin biosynthetic pathway genes in a sliding developmental zone ofLotus japonicusroots.LjIpt2andLjLog4were identified as the major contributors to the first cytokinin burst. The genetic dependence and Nod factor responsiveness of these genes confirm that cytokinin biosynthesis is a key target of the common symbiosis pathway. The accumulation ofLjIpt2andLjLog4transcripts occurs independent of theLjLhk1receptor during nodulation. Together with the rapid repression of both genes by cytokinin, this indicates thatLjIpt2andLjLog4contribute to, rather than respond to, the initial cytokinin buildup. Analysis of the cytokinin response using the synthetic cytokinin sensor,TCSn, showed that this response occurs in cortical cells before spreading to the epidermis inL. japonicusWhile mutant analysis identified redundancy in several biosynthesis families, we found that mutation ofLjIpt4limits nodule numbers. Overexpression ofLjIpt3orLjLog4alone was insufficient to produce the robust formation of spontaneous nodules. In contrast, overexpressing a complete cytokinin biosynthesis pathway leads to large, often fused spontaneous nodules. These results show the importance of cytokinin biosynthesis in initiating and balancing the requirement for cortical cell activation without uncontrolled cell proliferation.

• MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• cytokininy biosyntéza   MeSH
• kořenové hlízky rostlin cytologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin cytologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• Lotus cytologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   MeSH
• Rhizobiaceae fyziologie   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• tvorba kořenových hlízek MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The lipid-derived phytohormone jasmonate (JA) regulates plant growth, development, secondary metabolism, defense against insect attack and pathogen infection, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as wounding, UV light, salt, and drought. JA was first identified in 1962, and since the 1980s many studies have analyzed the physiological functions, biosynthesis, distribution, metabolism, perception, signaling, and crosstalk of JA, greatly expanding our knowledge of the hormone's action. In response to fluctuating environmental cues and transient endogenous signals, the occurrence of multilayered organization of biosynthesis and inactivation of JA, and activation and repression of the COI1-JAZ-based perception and signaling contributes to the fine-tuning of JA responses. This review describes the JA biosynthetic enzymes in terms of gene families, enzymatic activity, location and regulation, substrate specificity and products, the metabolic pathways in converting JA to activate or inactivate compounds, JA signaling in perception, and the co-existence of signaling activators and repressors.

• MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• genetická transkripce MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones, regulating a broad range of physiological processes. The largest amount of data related with BR biosynthesis has been gathered in Arabidopsis thaliana, however understanding of this process is far less elucidated in monocot crops. Up to now, only four barley genes implicated in BR biosynthesis have been identified. Two of them, HvDWARF and HvBRD, encode BR-6-oxidases catalyzing biosynthesis of castasterone, but their relation is not yet understood. In the present study, the identification of the HvDWARF genomic sequence, its mutational and functional analysis and characterization of new mutants are reported. Various types of mutations located in different positions within functional domains were identified and characterized. Analysis of their impact on phenotype of the mutants was performed. The identified homozygous mutants show reduced height of various degree and disrupted skotomorphogenesis. Mutational analysis of the HvDWARF gene with the "reverse genetics" approach allowed for its detailed functional analysis at the level of protein functional domains. The HvDWARF gene function and mutants' phenotypes were also validated by measurement of endogenous BR concentration. These results allowed a new insight into the BR biosynthesis in barley.

• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   MeSH
• brassinosteroidy biosyntéza   MeSH
• cholestanoly metabolismus   MeSH
• exony MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• homozygot MeSH
• introny MeSH
• ječmen (rod) genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• mutageneze cílená MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Identification of mutants with impairments in auxin biosynthesis and dynamics by forward genetic screening is hindered by the complexity, redundancy and necessity of the pathways involved. Furthermore, although a few auxin-deficient mutants have been recently identified by screening for altered responses to shade, ethylene, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) or cytokinin (CK), there is still a lack of robust markers for systematically isolating such mutants. We hypothesized that a potentially suitable phenotypic marker is root curling induced by CK, as observed in the auxin biosynthesis mutant CK-induced root curling 1 / tryptophan aminotransferase of Arabidopsis 1 (ckrc1/taa1). Phenotypic observations, genetic analyses and biochemical complementation tests of Arabidopsis seedlings displaying the trait in large-scale genetic screens showed that it can facilitate isolation of mutants with perturbations in auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling. However, unlike transport/signaling mutants, the curled (or wavy) root phenotypes of auxin-deficient mutants were significantly induced by CKs and could be rescued by exogenous auxins. Mutants allelic to several known auxin biosynthesis mutants were re-isolated, but several new classes of auxin-deficient mutants were also isolated. The findings show that CK-induced root curling provides an effective marker for discovering genes involved in auxin biosynthesis or homeostasis.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• biologický transport účinky léků   MeSH
• cytokininy metabolismus   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• kořeny rostlin enzymologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza   MeSH
• semenáček účinky léků   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce účinky léků   MeSH
• tryptofantransaminasa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH