Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate occurring in stored form as glucoraphanin in cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, cauliflower, and kale, and at high levels in broccoli especially in broccoli sprouts. Glucoraphanin requires the plant enzyme myrosinase for converting it into sulforaphane. Sulforaphane is metabolized through mercapturic acid pathway, being conjugated with glutathione and undergoes further biotransformation, yielding metabolites. Sulforaphane is extensively investigated and is in the interest in medicine for its health benefits. It has been shown that sulforaphane may protect against various types of cancer, may also decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, and help in autism and osteoporosis. Our review offers a short summary of interesting properties of sulforaphane. Both the in vitro and in vivo methods/models and clinical studies are mentioned.
- MeSH
- autistická porucha * farmakoterapie MeSH
- Brassica chemie MeSH
- fytogenní protinádorové látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- glukosinoláty metabolismus MeSH
- imidoestery metabolismus MeSH
- isothiokyanatany * chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- osteoporóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Jasmonates (JAs) are signals in plant stress responses and development. One of the first observed and prominent responses to JAs is the induction of biosynthesis of different groups of secondary compounds. Among them are nicotine, isoquinolines, glucosinolates, anthocyanins, benzophenanthridine alkaloids, artemisinin, and terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), such as vinblastine. This brief review describes modes of action of JAs in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, nicotine, TIAs, glucosinolates and artemisinin. After introducing JA biosynthesis, the central role of the SCFCOI1-JAZ co-receptor complex in JA perception and MYB-type and MYC-type transcription factors is described. Brief comments are provided on primary metabolites as precursors of secondary compounds. Pathways for the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, nicotine, TIAs, glucosinolates and artemisinin are described with an emphasis on JA-dependent transcription factors, which activate or repress the expression of essential genes encoding enzymes in the biosynthesis of these secondary compounds. Applied aspects are discussed using the biotechnological formation of artemisinin as an example of JA-induced biosynthesis of secondary compounds in plant cell factories.
- MeSH
- anthokyaniny biosyntéza MeSH
- artemisininy metabolismus MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- biosyntetické dráhy MeSH
- cyklopentany metabolismus MeSH
- glukosinoláty biosyntéza MeSH
- metabolické inženýrství MeSH
- nikotin biosyntéza MeSH
- oxylipiny metabolismus MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- rostliny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sekologanin-tryptaminové alkaloidy metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- transkripční faktory metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The plant cell wall plays an important role in damage-associated molecular pattern-induced resistance to pathogens and herbivorous insects. Our current understanding of cell wall-mediated resistance is largely based on the degree of pectin methylesterification. However, little is known about the role of pectin acetylesterification in plant immunity. This study describes how one pectin-modifying enzyme, PECTIN ACETYLESTERASE 9 (PAE9), affects the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transcriptome, secondary metabolome, and aphid performance. Electro-penetration graphs showed that Myzus persicae aphids established phloem feeding earlier on pae9 mutants. Whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed a set of 56 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between uninfested pae9-2 mutants and wild-type plants. The majority of the DEGs were enriched for biotic stress responses and down-regulated in the pae9-2 mutant, including PAD3 and IGMT2, involved in camalexin and indole glucosinolate biosynthesis, respectively. Relative quantification of more than 100 secondary metabolites revealed decreased levels of several compounds, including camalexin and oxylipins, in two independent pae9 mutants. In addition, absolute quantification of phytohormones showed that jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonoyl-Ile, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid were compromised due to PAE9 loss of function. After aphid infestation, however, pae9 mutants increased their levels of camalexin, glucosinolates, and JA, and no long-term effects were observed on aphid fitness. Overall, these data show that PAE9 is required for constitutive up-regulation of defense-related compounds, but that it is not required for aphid-induced defenses. The signatures of phenolic antioxidants, phytoprostanes, and oxidative stress-related transcripts indicate that the processes underlying PAE9 activity involve oxidation-reduction reactions.
- MeSH
- acetylesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetika metabolismus parazitologie MeSH
- býložravci fyziologie MeSH
- down regulace genetika MeSH
- genové regulační sítě MeSH
- glukosinoláty metabolismus MeSH
- indoly metabolismus MeSH
- metabolom genetika MeSH
- mšice fyziologie MeSH
- mutace genetika MeSH
- oxidační stres MeSH
- oxylipiny metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- regulační geny MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- sekundární metabolismus MeSH
- thiazoly metabolismus MeSH
- transkripční faktory metabolismus MeSH
- transkriptom genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) belongs to phospholipases, a large phospholipid hydrolyzing protein family. PLDα1 has a substrate preference for phosphatidylcholine leading to enzymatic production of phosphatidic acid, a lipid second messenger with multiple cellular functions. PLDα1 itself is implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Here, we present a shot-gun differential proteomic analysis on roots of two Arabidopsis pldα1 mutants compared to the wild type. Interestingly, PLDα1 deficiency leads to altered abundances of proteins involved in diverse processes related to membrane transport including endocytosis and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport. PLDα1 may be involved in the stability of attachment sites of endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane as suggested by increased abundance of synaptotagmin 1, which was validated by immunoblotting and whole-mount immunolabelling analyses. Moreover, we noticed a robust abundance alterations of proteins involved in mitochondrial import and electron transport chain. Notably, the abundances of numerous proteins implicated in glucosinolate biosynthesis were also affected in pldα1 mutants. Our results suggest a broader biological involvement of PLDα1 than anticipated thus far, especially in the processes such as endomembrane transport, mitochondrial protein import and protein quality control, as well as glucosinolate biosynthesis.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis metabolismus MeSH
- endocytóza MeSH
- fosfolipasa D genetika metabolismus MeSH
- genová ontologie MeSH
- glukosinoláty biosyntéza MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- mitochondriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny huseníčku genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteom metabolismus MeSH
- proteomika * MeSH
- synaptotagmin I metabolismus MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- transport proteinů MeSH
- uncoupling protein 1 metabolismus MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Nutritional value and disease-preventive effects of cabbage are well-known. Levels of the antioxidant compounds ascorbic acid (AA) and glucosinolates (GSL) in new Czech cabbage cultivars were determined in the context of different production systems. The contents of AA and GSLs in cabbage biomass were determined by HPLC. Individual GSLs were identified according to their exact masses with sinigrin used as the external standard. Artificial infection with A. brassicicola generally raised the AA levels. The major GSLs (≥10 mg kg-1) were glucobrassicin, sinigrin, and glucoiberin. Indole and aliphatic GSLs were present, but no aromatic ones were detected. Ecological growth conditions and the artificial fungal infection increased the total content of GSLs and, also, of the methoxylated indole GSLs. Sulforaphane, iberin, indole-3-carbinol, and ascorbigen resulting from the hydrolysis of GSLs were found in both cultivars. The amounts and profiles of GSLs present in the two Czech cultivars demonstrated their good nutritional value. The decomposition products sulforaphane, iberin, indole-3-carbinol, and ascorbigen detected improve its health-promoting qualities and represent a suitable component of the human diet.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Brassica chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- glukosinoláty chemie metabolismus MeSH
- houby fyziologie MeSH
- kyselina askorbová chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty chemie metabolismus MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Oxidative stress (OS) is a major cause of hepatic and renal disorders, so present investigation was designed to evaluate the antioxidative efficacy of aqueous broccoli extract (BE) via three different doses – 10, 20 and 30 mmol – of glucosinolates against toxic effects of triazophos (TZ), an organophosphorous pesticide, in female rats during 30 days experiment. Six groups of rats were made and were orally intubated with TZ and BE as per experimental design. TZ and BE induced OS biomarkers of hepatic and renal toxicity – ALT, AST, urea and creatinine – were noticed in plasma, while catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation (LPO) were estimated in liver and kidney along with histological and apoptotic observation. Plasma ALT, AST, urea and creatinine levels along with organ OS parameters as CAT, SOD, GST and GPx were subtly improved in all BE + TZ treated rats. Decreased LPO and reduced apoptosis along with improved histoarchitecture was observed in all BE + TZ treated rats. Present study suggest that the administration of broccoli extract and TZ combination in rats can prevent severe alterations of hepatic and renal biochemical markers and disruptions of histological structure by antioxidative potential of BE from sprouts.
- Klíčová slova
- broccoli sprouts, vodný extrakt,
- MeSH
- antioxidancia * farmakokinetika MeSH
- Brassica * chemie MeSH
- experimenty na zvířatech MeSH
- glukosinoláty terapeutické užití MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- nemoci jater MeSH
- nemoci ledvin MeSH
- organofosfáty škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- oxidační stres * účinky léků MeSH
- pesticidy toxicita MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty * terapeutické užití MeSH
- testy toxicity metody využití MeSH
- triazoly toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- růžičková kapusta, fenylthiokarbamid,
- MeSH
- Brassica * chemie růst a vývoj MeSH
- chuťová percepce MeSH
- glukosinoláty MeSH
Many studies observed that increased consumption of cereal grains is associated with a reduced incidence of lifestyle diseases. Cereals are a rich source of functional compounds including dietary fibers, ?-glucans, resistant starches, vitamins, minerals and other bioactive phytochemicals, therefore they are suitable and increasingly used raw materials for production of functional foods.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia chemie metabolismus MeSH
- beta-glukany chemie metabolismus MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu prevence a kontrola MeSH
- flavonoidy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- fytoestrogeny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- fyziologie výživy * MeSH
- glukosinoláty chemie metabolismus MeSH
- jedlá semena * fyziologie chemie klasifikace metabolismus MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory prevence a kontrola MeSH
- polyfenoly chemie metabolismus MeSH
- potravní vláknina metabolismus MeSH
- primární prevence MeSH
- škrob metabolismus MeSH
- zdravotní stav MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Fytochemická analýza methanolického a vodného extraktu Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae) zaměřená na polyfenoly prokázala přítomnost flavonoidů. Jde zejména o glykosidy kvercetinu, chrysoeriolu, kaempferolu a isorhamnetinu. Glykosidy chrysoeriolu a isorhamnetinu byly v rostlině identifikovány poprvé. Díky obsahu těchto polyfenolů vykazují extrakty antioxidační aktivitu.
The flavonoid profile of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae) and the antioxidant activity of its methanolic and aqueous extracts were studied. Glycosides of quercetin, chrysoeriol, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin were identified. Chrysoeriol O-glucoside and isorhamnetin O-rutinoside were detected in this species for the first time. The extracts presented an antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals, peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia * analýza MeSH
- biotechnologie MeSH
- Capsella * chemie imunologie MeSH
- chemické techniky analytické MeSH
- farmaceutická chemie MeSH
- flavonoidy * analýza chemie MeSH
- glukosinoláty * analýza chemie MeSH
- léčivé rostliny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metody pro přípravu analytických vzorků MeSH
- nádory * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody využití MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
