• Klíčová slova
• ultrastaging,
• MeSH
• kapiláry anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfadenektomie MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• nádory endometria * diagnostické zobrazování   klasifikace   MeSH
• radioaktivní indikátory MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sentinelová uzlina * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• techniky amplifikace nukleových kyselin MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

In teaching and learning human anatomy, anatomical autopsy and prosected specimens have always been indispensable. However, alternative methods must often be used to demonstrate particularly delicate structures. Corrosion casting of porcine organs with Biodur E20® Plus is valuable for teaching and learning both gross anatomy and, uniquely, the micromorphology of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urogenital systems. Assessments of casts with a stereomicroscope and/or scanning electron microscope as well as highlighting cast structures using color coding help students to better understand how the structures that they have observed as two-dimensional images actually exist in three dimensions, and students found using the casts to be highly effective in their learning. Reconstructions of cast hollow structures from (micro-)computed tomography scans and videos facilitate detailed analyses of branching patterns and spatial arrangements in cast structures, aid in the understanding of clinically relevant structures and provide innovative visual aids. The casting protocol and teaching manual we offer can be adjusted to different technical capabilities and might also be found useful for veterinary or other biological science classes.

• MeSH
• anatomické modely * MeSH
• anatomie výchova   MeSH
• audiovizuální pomůcky MeSH
• cévy anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• kapiláry anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• korozní odlévání metody   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• postoj MeSH
• prasata anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• Sus scrofa anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• vyučování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Studies of the capillary bed characterized by its length or length density are relevant in many biomedical studies. A reliable assessment of capillary length from two-dimensional (2D), thin histological sections is a rather difficult task as it requires physical cutting of such sections in randomized directions. This is often technically demanding, inefficient, or outright impossible. However, if 3D image data of the microscopic structure under investigation are available, methods of length estimation that do not require randomized physical cutting of sections may be applied. Two different rat brain regions were optically sliced by confocal microscopy and resulting 3D images processed by three types of capillary length estimation methods: (1) stereological methods based on a computer generation of isotropic uniform random virtual test probes in 3D, either in the form of spatial grids of virtual "slicer" planes or spherical probes; (2) automatic method employing a digital version of the Crofton relations using the Euler characteristic of planar sections of the binary image; and (3) interactive "tracer" method for length measurement based on a manual delineation in 3D of the axes of capillary segments. The presented methods were compared in terms of their practical applicability, efficiency, and precision.

• MeSH
• biometrie metody   MeSH
• kapiláry anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie metody   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• laboratorní automatizace metody   MeSH
• mozek anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Confocal microscopy is a suitable method for measurements and visualization of skeletal muscle fibres and the neighbouring capillaries. When using 3D images of thick sections the tissue deformation effects should be avoided. We studied the deformation in thick sections of the rat skeletal muscle from complete stacks of images captured with confocal microscope. We measured the apparent thickness of the stacks and compared it to the slice thickness deduced from calibrated microtome settings. The ratio of both values yielded the axial scaling factor for every image stack. Careful sample preparation and treatment of the tissue cryosections with cold Ringer solution minimize the tissue deformation. We conclude that rescaling by the inverse of the axial scaling factor of the stack of optical slices in the direction of the microscope optical axis satisfactorily corrects the axial deformation of skeletal muscle samples.

• MeSH
• kapiláry anatomie a histologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie metody   MeSH
• kosterní svalová vlákna ultrastruktura   MeSH
• kosterní svaly krevní zásobení   cytologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Diagnostická indikace bronchoskopie staví na údajích anamnestických, klinických příznacích a patologických výsledcích provedených vyšetření, nejčastěji rentgenového snímku hrudníku. Naprostá většina bronchoskopií se v současné době provádí pomocí flexibilních (video)bronchoskopů. Kontraindikace bronchoskopie jsou ve srovnání se seznamem indikací zřídkavé.

The diagnostic indication of bronchoscopy is based on anamnestic data, clinical symptoms and pathological results of undertaken examinations, most often the chest X-ray. The vast majority of bronchoscopies is currently performed through flexible (video) bronchoscopes. Contraindications for bronchoscopy are rare compared to the list of its indications.

• Klíčová slova
• brpnchoskop, indikace výkonu,
• MeSH
• biopsie metody   MeSH
• bronchoalveolární laváž přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• bronchoskopie metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• bronchoskopy využití   MeSH
• časná diagnóza MeSH
• chirurgie plic přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• fluorescence MeSH
• kapiláry anatomie a histologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci dýchací soustavy diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• bazocelulární karcinom diagnóza   MeSH
• dermatoskopie metody   MeSH
• intradermální névus diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• kapiláry anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nádory kůže diagnóza   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

In this review we present immunohistochemical methods for visualization of capillaries and muscle fibres in thick muscle sections. Special attention is paid to the procedures that preserve good morphology. Applying confocal microscopy and virtual 3D stereological grids, or tracing of capillaries in virtual reality, length of capillaries within a muscle volume or length of capillaries adjacent to a muscle fibre per fibre length, fibre surface area or fibre volume can be evaluated by an unbiased approach. Moreover, 3D models of capillaries and muscle fibres can be produced. Comparison of the developed methods with counting capillary profiles from 2D sections is discussed and the reader is warned that counting capillary profiles from 2D sections can underestimate the capillary length by as much as 75 percent. Application of the described 3D methodology is illustrated by the anatomical remodelling of capillarity during acute denervation and early reinnervation in the rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

• MeSH
• anatomické modely MeSH
• denervace svalu MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• kapiláry anatomie a histologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
• kosterní svaly krevní zásobení   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

AIM: The aim of the present study was to examine the adaptation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, capillary density and fiber cross sectional area (CSA) of deltoid muscle in adolescent and adult elite Greco-Roman wrestlers. METHODS: Eighteen Greco-Roman wrestlers were divided into two groups: adolescents included 10 athletes (group A) between 14-18 years of age (15.4+/-1.3 yrs) and adults included 8 athletes (group B) between 20-27 years (23.5+/-2.6 yrs). Histochemical analyses were used to determine the muscle fiber type distribution and the muscle fiber cross sectional area. MHC isoform composition was determined with protein electrophoresis, while capillary density (capillary to fiber ratio and capillaries per mm2) analysis was performed with a-amylase Periodic and Schiff staining. RESULTS: Adolescents demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of type I fibers (P<0.05) and type I fiber area (P<0.05) compared to the adults. The percentage of type IIa fiber area were significantly higher in adult wrestlers (P<0.05). MHC I isoforms was significantly higher in adolescents (P<0.05), whereas the MHC isoforms of IIa and IIx did not differ between groups. The capillary density (mm2) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in adolescents compared to adults. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the observed muscle fiber profile in the deltoid muscle of wrestlers may represent an adaptation based on the mechanical and biochemical demands of the long-term training. Such adaptations are linked to the specific characteristics of the training program, the level and the previous training experience of the wrestlers.

• MeSH
• anatomie průřezová MeSH
• barvení a značení MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroforéza MeSH
• kapiláry anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• kosterní svalová vlákna metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• musculus deltoideus anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• protein - isoformy metabolismus   MeSH
• těžké řetězce myosinu metabolismus   MeSH
• zápasení MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis plays an important role in maintaining adequate oxygen delivery, and nitric oxide (NO) is a potential regulator of angiogenesis. NO is synthesized through three isoforms of NO synthase (NOS). It is hypothesized that the NO derived from inducible NOS (iNOS) may promote survival of ischemic tissue through angiogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of iNOS deficiency (by L-NIL) on angiogenesis in a hindlimb ischemia model. METHODS: Thirty-two male wistar rats randomly divided into four groups. In groups 1 & 2, hindlimb ischemia was induced by ligation of femoral artery and they received L-NIL and saline respectively. The animals in groups 3 and 4 also received L-NIL and saline respectively without surgical procedure. After 21 days, the serum concentration of nitrite, capillary density and expression of HIF1alpha were determined. RESULTS: Serum nitrite levels were significantly lower in L-NIL groups (p<0.05). The capillary density in group 1 (ischemia+L-NIL) was significantly different from group 2 (ischemia+saline); group 1: 360.33+/-77.02, group 2: 549+/-81.85 /mm2, p<0.05) .In addition, expression of HIF1alpha was significantly increased in ischemic groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Selective inhibition of iNOS by L-NIL inhibits angiogenesis in a hindlimb ischemic rat model. In addition, ischemia induces expression of HIF1alpha in hypoxic tissue.

• MeSH
• dusitany krev   MeSH
• fyziologická neovaskularizace účinky léků   MeSH
• ischemie patofyziologie   MeSH
• kapiláry anatomie a histologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• kosterní svaly krevní zásobení   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• synthasa oxidu dusnatého, typ II farmakologie   MeSH
• zadní končetina MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

The aim of this study was to determine whether capillarity in the denervated and reinnervated rat extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) is scaled by muscle fiber oxidative potential. We visualized capillaries adjacent to a metabolically defined fiber type and estimated capillarity of fibers with very high oxidative potential (O) vs fibers with very low oxidative potential (G). Capillaries and muscle fiber types were shown by a combined triple immunofluorescent technique and the histochemical method for NADH-tetrazolium reductase. Stacks of images were captured by a confocal microscope. Applying the Ellipse program, fibers were outlined, and the diameter, perimeter, cross-sectional area, length, surface area, and volume within the stack were calculated for both fiber types. Using the Tracer plug-in module, capillaries were traced within the three-dimensional (3D) volume, the length of capillaries adjacent to individual muscle fibers was measured, and the capillary length per fiber length (Lcap/Lfib), surface area (Lcap/Sfib), and volume (Lcap/Vfib) were calculated. Furthermore, capillaries and fibers of both types were visualized in 3D. In all experimental groups, O and G fibers significantly differed in girth, Lcap/Sfib, and Lcap/Vfib, but not in Lcap/Lfib. We conclude that capillarity in the EDL is scaled by muscle fiber size and not by muscle fiber oxidative potential.

• MeSH
• denervace svalu MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• histocytochemie MeSH
• kapiláry anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
• kosterní svalová vlákna metabolismus   MeSH
• kosterní svaly inervace   krevní zásobení   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH