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Gender differences in cadmium and cotinine levels in prepubertal children
A. Fucic, D. Plavec, L. Casteleyn, D. Aerts, P. Biot, A. Katsonouri, M. Cerna, LE. Knudsen, A. Castano, P. Rudnai, A. Gutleb, D. Ligocka, IR. Lupsa, M. Berglund, M. Horvat, K. Halzlova, G. Schoeters, G. Koppen, A. Hadjipanayis, A. Krskova, S....
Language English Country United States
Document type Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- MeSH
- Biomarkers urine MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Cadmium urine MeSH
- Cotinine urine MeSH
- Creatinine urine MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Environmental Monitoring methods MeSH
- Sex Characteristics * MeSH
- Puberty urine MeSH
- Aging urine MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe MeSH
Susceptibility to environmental stressors has been described for fetal and early childhood development. However, the possible susceptibility of the prepubertal period, characterized by the orchestration of the organism towards sexual maturation and adulthood has been poorly investigated and exposure data are scarce. In the current study levels of cadmium (Cd), cotinine and creatinine in urine were analyzed in a subsample 216 children from 12 European countries within the DEMOCOPHES project. The children were divided into six age-sex groups: boys (6-8 years, 9-10 years and 11 years old), and girls (6-7 years, 8-9 years, 10-11 years). The number of subjects per group was between 23 and 53. The cut off values were set at 0.1 µg/L for Cd, and 0.8 µg/L for cotinine defined according to the highest limit of quantification. The levels of Cd and cotinine were adjusted for creatinine level. In the total subsample group, the median level of Cd was 0.180 µg/L (range 0.10-0.69 µg/L), and for cotinine the median wet weight value was 1.50 µg/L (range 0.80-39.91 µg/L). There was no significant difference in creatinine and cotinine levels between genders and age groups. There was a significant correlation between levels of cadmium and creatinine in all children of both genders. This shows that even at such low levels the possible effect of cadmium on kidney function was present and measurable. An increase in Cd levels was evident with age. Cadmium levels were significantly different between 6-7 year old girls, 11 year old boys and 10-11 year old girls. As there was a balanced distribution in the number of subjects from countries included in the study, bias due to data clustering was not probable. The impact of low Cd levels on kidney function and gender differences in Cd levels needs further investigation.
Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel Lippmann Luxembourg
Children Hospital Srebrnjak Croatia
DG Environment Multilateral and Strategic Affairs Belgium
Environmental Health Center Romania
Federal Environment Agency Germany
Federal Public Service Health Food Chain Safety and Environment DG Environment Belgium
Flemish Institute for Technological Research Environmental Risk and Health Netherlands
Initiativ Liewensufank Luxembourg
Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health Ksaverska c 2 10000 Zagreb Croatia
Institute Josef Stefan Slovenia
Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Sweden
Instituto de Salud Carlos 3 Spain
Laboratoire National de Sante Luxembourg
Larnaca General Hospital Ministry of Health Republic of Cyprus
National Institute of Environmental Health Hungary
National Institute of Public Health Czech Republic
Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine Poland
Public Health Authority Slovak Republic
References provided by Crossref.org
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