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Relationship of suicide rates with climate and economic variables in Europe during 2000-2012
KN. Fountoulakis, I. Chatzikosta, K. Pastiadis, P. Zanis, W. Kawohl, AJ. Kerkhof, A. Navickas, C. Höschl, D. Lecic-Tosevski, E. Sorel, E. Rancans, E. Palova, G. Juckel, G. Isacsson, HK. Jagodic, I. Botezat-Antonescu, J. Rybakowski, JM. Azorin, J....
Language English Country England, Great Britain
Document type Journal Article
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- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
BACKGROUND: It is well known that suicidal rates vary considerably among European countries and the reasons for this are unknown, although several theories have been proposed. The effect of economic variables has been extensively studied but not that of climate. METHODS: Data from 29 European countries covering the years 2000-2012 and concerning male and female standardized suicidal rates (according to WHO), economic variables (according World Bank) and climate variables were gathered. The statistical analysis included cluster and principal component analysis and categorical regression. RESULTS: The derived models explained 62.4 % of the variability of male suicidal rates. Economic variables alone explained 26.9 % and climate variables 37.6 %. For females, the respective figures were 41.7, 11.5 and 28.1 %. Male suicides correlated with high unemployment rate in the frame of high growth rate and high inflation and low GDP per capita, while female suicides correlated negatively with inflation. Both male and female suicides correlated with low temperature. DISCUSSION: The current study reports that the climatic effect (cold climate) is stronger than the economic one, but both are present. It seems that in Europe suicidality follows the climate/temperature cline which interestingly is not from south to north but from south to north-east. This raises concerns that climate change could lead to an increase in suicide rates. The current study is essentially the first successful attempt to explain the differences across countries in Europe; however, it is an observational analysis based on aggregate data and thus there is a lack of control for confounders.
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
Centre for Epidemiology Surveillance and Health Promotion Rome Italy
Clinic of Psychiatric Faculty of Medicine Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
Department of Adult Psychiatry Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznan Poland
Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Solna Sweden
Department of Pharmacodynamics MTA SE Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary
Department of Psychiatry and Narcology Riga Stradins University Tvaika Str 2 Riga LV 1005 Latvia
Department of Psychiatry Ioannina School of Medicine Ioannina Greece
Department of Psychiatry Sainte Marguerite Hospital 13274 Marseille France
Department of Psychiatry University Hospital Center Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
Department of Psychiatry University Hospital SNP 1 040 66 Košice Slovakia
Department of Psychiatry University of Turku Turku Finland
Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
East London NHS Trust London E1 4DG UK
Estonian Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute Tallinn Estonia
Faculty of Medicine University of Lisbon Av Prof Egas Moniz 1649 035 Lisbon Portugal
Institute of Behavioral Sciences G De Lisio Pisa Italy
Institute of Mental Health School of Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
Institute of Mental Health WHO Collaborating Centre Palmoticeva 37 11000 Belgrade Serbia
Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin 2 Ireland
National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
National Mental Health Center and Anti drug Bucharest Romania
Psychiatric Hospital Vojnik Celjska Cesta 37 Vojnik Slovenia
Psychiatry Unit Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Pisa Pisa Italy
The George Washington University School of Medicine and School of Public Health Washington DC USA
References provided by Crossref.org
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