Gene and whole-genome duplications are widespread in plant nuclear genomes, resulting in sequence heterogeneity. Identification of duplicated genes may be particularly challenging in highly redundant genomes, especially when there are no diploid parents as a reference. Here, we developed a pipeline to detect the different copies in the ribosomal RNA gene family in the hexaploid grass Spartina maritima from next-generation sequencing (Roche-454) reads. The heterogeneity of the different domains of the highly repeated 45S unit was explored by identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and assembling reads based on shared polymorphisms. SNPs were validated using comparisons with Illumina sequence data sets and by cloning and Sanger (re)sequencing. Using this approach, 29 validated polymorphisms and 11 validated haplotypes were reported (out of 34 and 20, respectively, that were initially predicted by our program). The rDNA domains of S. maritima have similar lengths as those found in other Poaceae, apart from the 5'-ETS, which is approximately two-times longer in S. maritima. Sequence homogeneity was encountered in coding regions and both internal transcribed spacers (ITS), whereas high intragenomic variability was detected in the intergenic spacer (IGS) and the external transcribed spacer (ETS). Molecular cytogenetic analysis by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed the presence of one pair of 45S rDNA signals on the chromosomes of S. maritima instead of three expected pairs for a hexaploid genome, indicating loss of duplicated homeologous loci through the diploidization process. The procedure developed here may be used at any ploidy level and using different sequencing technologies.

Biology Centre ASCR Institute of Plant Molecular Biology Branišovská 31 České Budějovice CZ 37005 Czech Republic

UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio OSUR University of Rennes 1 Bât 14A Campus Scientifique de Beaulieu 35 042 Rennes Cedex France

UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio OSUR University of Rennes 1 Bât 14A Campus Scientifique de Beaulieu 35 042 Rennes Cedex France UMR Institut de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique BP35327 35653 Le Rheu Cedex France

UMR Institut de Génétique Environnement et Protection des Plantes Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique BP35327 35653 Le Rheu Cedex France

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