BACKGROUND: Several obesity-related factors have been associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but it is unclear which individual factors directly influence risk. We addressed this question using genetic markers as proxies for putative risk factors and evaluated their relation to RCC risk in a mendelian randomization (MR) framework. This methodology limits bias due to confounding and is not affected by reverse causation. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Genetic markers associated with obesity measures, blood pressure, lipids, type 2 diabetes, insulin, and glucose were initially identified as instrumental variables, and their association with RCC risk was subsequently evaluated in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 10,784 RCC patients and 20,406 control participants in a 2-sample MR framework. The effect on RCC risk was estimated by calculating odds ratios (ORSD) for a standard deviation (SD) increment in each risk factor. The MR analysis indicated that higher body mass index increases the risk of RCC (ORSD: 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-1.70), with comparable results for waist-to-hip ratio (ORSD: 1.63, 95% CI 1.40-1.90) and body fat percentage (ORSD: 1.66, 95% CI 1.44-1.90). This analysis further indicated that higher fasting insulin (ORSD: 1.82, 95% CI 1.30-2.55) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; ORSD: 1.28, 95% CI 1.11-1.47), but not systolic blood pressure (ORSD: 0.98, 95% CI 0.84-1.14), increase the risk for RCC. No association with RCC risk was seen for lipids, overall type 2 diabetes, or fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides novel evidence for an etiological role of insulin in RCC, as well as confirmatory evidence that obesity and DBP influence RCC risk.

American Cancer Society Atlanta Georgia United States of America

Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts United States of America

Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts United States of America Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts United States of America

Brown University Providence Rhode Island United States of America

Cancer Epidemiology Centre Cancer Council Victoria Melbourne Australia

Cancer Prevention Program Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington United States of America

Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Th Burghele Hospital Bucharest Romania

Centre National de Genotypage Institut de Genomique Centre de l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Evry France

Centre National de Genotypage Institut de Genomique Centre de l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Evry France Fondation Jean Dausset Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain Paris France

CeRePP Paris France UPMC Univ Paris 06 GRC n°5 Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie Paris France

CeRePP Paris France UPMC Univ Paris 06 GRC n°5 Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie Paris France AP HP Department of Urology Hopitaux Universitaires Est Parisien Tenon Paris France

Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston Massachusetts United States of America

Department of Biobank Research Umeå University Umeå Sweden Department of Surgical Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden

Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute Brno Czech Republic

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington Indiana United States of America

Department of Epidemiology Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas United States of America

Department of Health Sciences Research Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota United States of America

Department of Health Sciences Research Mayo Clinic Jacksonville Florida United States of America

Department of Medicine Division of Epidemiology Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center Vanderbilt Genetics Institute Nashville Tennessee United States of America

Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Public Health and Primary Care University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom

Department of Preventive Medicine Faculty of Medicine Palacky University Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Public Health and General Practice Faculty of Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Department of Research Cancer Registry of Norway Institute of Population Based Cancer Research Oslo Norway Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden Genetic Epidemiology Group Folkhälsan Research Center Helsinki Finland Department of Community Medicine University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway

Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences Urology and Andrology Umeå University Umeå Sweden

Department of Urology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota United States of America

Departments of Medicine Human Genetics Epidemiology and Biostatistics Jewish General Hospital McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada

Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Department Health and Human Services Bethesda Maryland United States of America

Division of Urology Spectrum Health Grand Rapids Michigan United States of America

Division of Urology Spectrum Health Grand Rapids Michigan United States of America College of Human Medicine Michigan State University Grand Rapids Michigan United States of America

Federal Research Centre Fundamentals of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation

Federal Research Centre Fundamentals of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation Kurchatov Scientific Center Moscow Russian Federation

Fondation Jean Dausset Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain Paris France

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington United States of America

Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts United States of America

Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts United States of America Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts United States of America

Health across generations team CESP Inserm Facultés de Médicine Université Paris Sud UVSQ Université Paris Saclay Gustave Roussy Villejuif France Human Genetics Foundation Torino Italy

Imperial College London United Kingdom

INSERM U946 Paris France CNRS UMR8200 Institute Gustave Roussy Villejuif France

Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Pathology Medical School of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia Clinic of Urology Clinical Center of Serbia Belgrade Serbia

Institute of Public Health and Preventive Medicine 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic

International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon France

International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon France Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Rostock Germany

International Hereditary Cancer Center Department of Genetics and Pathology Pomeranian Medical University Szczecin Poland

K G Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology Department of Public Health Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology University of Leeds St James's University Hospital Leeds United Kingdom

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine University of London London United Kingdom

Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester Minnesota United States of America International Organization for Cancer Prevention and Research Belgrade Serbia

McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre Montreal Quebec Canada

MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom

MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom

MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust National Institute for Health Research Bristol Nutrition Biomedical Research Unit University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom

National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland

National Institute for Health Research Diagnostic Evidence Cooperative Division of Surgery Imperial College London St Mary's Hospital London United Kingdom

National Institute of Public Health Bucharest Romania

National Public Health Center National Directorate of Environmental Health Budapest Hungary

QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Herston Queensland Australia School of Public Health The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia

Regional Authority of Public Health in Banska Bystrica Banska Bystrica Slovakia

Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust London United Kingdom

Russian N N Blokhin Cancer Research Centre Moscow Russian Federation

St Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee United States of America

The Institute of Cancer Research London United Kingdom

The Institute of Cancer Research London United Kingdom Dept of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York United States of America

The M Sklodowska Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology Warsaw Poland

University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom

Van Andel Research Institute Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology Grand Rapids Michigan United States of America Diagnostics Program at Ferris State University Grand Rapids Michigan United States of America

Van Andel Research Institute Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology Grand Rapids Michigan United States of America Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Duke National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore Singapore Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology A*STAR Singapore Singapore Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome Division of Medical Sciences National Cancer Centre Singapore Singapore Singapore Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore

Van Andel Research Institute Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology Grand Rapids Michigan United States of America Spectrum Health Grand Rapids Michigan United States of America

Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center Nashville Tennessee United States of America

WHI Clinical Coordinating Center Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington United States of America

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245    14

$a The influence of obesity-related factors in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma-A mendelian randomization study / $c M. Johansson, R. Carreras-Torres, G. Scelo, MP. Purdue, D. Mariosa, DC. Muller, NJ. Timpson, PC. Haycock, KM. Brown, Z. Wang, Y. Ye, JN. Hofmann, M. Foll, V. Gaborieau, MJ. Machiela, LM. Colli, P. Li, JG. Garnier, H. Blanche, A. Boland, L. Burdette, E. Prokhortchouk, KG. Skryabin, M. Yeager, S. Radojevic-Skodric, S. Ognjanovic, L. Foretova, I. Holcatova, V. Janout, D. Mates, A. Mukeriya, S. Rascu, D. Zaridze, V. Bencko, C. Cybulski, E. Fabianova, V. Jinga, J. Lissowska, J. Lubinski, M. Navratilova, P. Rudnai, S. Benhamou, G. Cancel-Tassin, O. Cussenot, E. Weiderpass, B. Ljungberg, R. Tumkur Sitaram, C. Häggström, F. Bruinsma, SJ. Jordan, G. Severi, I. Winship, K. Hveem, LJ. Vatten, T. Fletcher, SC. Larsson, A. Wolk, RE. Banks, PJ. Selby, DF. Easton, G. Andreotti, LE. Beane Freeman, S. Koutros, S. Männistö, S. Weinstein, PE. Clark, TL. Edwards, L. Lipworth, SM. Gapstur, VL. Stevens, H. Carol, ML. Freedman, MM. Pomerantz, E. Cho, KM. Wilson, JM. Gaziano, HD. Sesso, ND. Freedman, AS. Parker, JE. Eckel-Passow, WY. Huang, RJ. Kahnoski, BR. Lane, SL. Noyes, D. Petillo, BT. Teh, U. Peters, E. White, GL. Anderson, L. Johnson, J. Luo, J. Buring, IM. Lee, WH. Chow, LE. Moore, T. Eisen, M. Henrion, J. Larkin, P. Barman, BC. Leibovich, TK. Choueiri, GM. Lathrop, JF. Deleuze, M. Gunter, JD. McKay, X. Wu, RS. Houlston, SJ. Chanock, C. Relton, JB. Richards, RM. Martin, G. Davey Smith, P. Brennan,

520    9_

$a BACKGROUND: Several obesity-related factors have been associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but it is unclear which individual factors directly influence risk. We addressed this question using genetic markers as proxies for putative risk factors and evaluated their relation to RCC risk in a mendelian randomization (MR) framework. This methodology limits bias due to confounding and is not affected by reverse causation. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Genetic markers associated with obesity measures, blood pressure, lipids, type 2 diabetes, insulin, and glucose were initially identified as instrumental variables, and their association with RCC risk was subsequently evaluated in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 10,784 RCC patients and 20,406 control participants in a 2-sample MR framework. The effect on RCC risk was estimated by calculating odds ratios (ORSD) for a standard deviation (SD) increment in each risk factor. The MR analysis indicated that higher body mass index increases the risk of RCC (ORSD: 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-1.70), with comparable results for waist-to-hip ratio (ORSD: 1.63, 95% CI 1.40-1.90) and body fat percentage (ORSD: 1.66, 95% CI 1.44-1.90). This analysis further indicated that higher fasting insulin (ORSD: 1.82, 95% CI 1.30-2.55) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; ORSD: 1.28, 95% CI 1.11-1.47), but not systolic blood pressure (ORSD: 0.98, 95% CI 0.84-1.14), increase the risk for RCC. No association with RCC risk was seen for lipids, overall type 2 diabetes, or fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides novel evidence for an etiological role of insulin in RCC, as well as confirmatory evidence that obesity and DBP influence RCC risk.

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700    1_

$a Carreras-Torres, Robert $u International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.

700    1_

$a Scelo, Ghislaine $u International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.

700    1_

$a Purdue, Mark P $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Mariosa, Daniela $u International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.

700    1_

$a Muller, David C $u Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.

700    1_

$a Timpson, Nicolas J $u MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.

700    1_

$a Haycock, Philip C $u MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.

700    1_

$a Brown, Kevin M $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Wang, Zhaoming $u St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Ye, Yuanqing $u Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Hofmann, Jonathan N $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Foll, Matthieu $u International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.

700    1_

$a Gaborieau, Valerie $u International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.

700    1_

$a Machiela, Mitchell J $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Colli, Leandro M $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Li, Peng $u International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.

700    1_

$a Garnier, Jean-Guillaume $u Centre National de Genotypage, Institut de Genomique, Centre de l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France. Fondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France.

700    1_

$a Blanche, Helene $u Fondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France.

700    1_

$a Boland, Anne $u Centre National de Genotypage, Institut de Genomique, Centre de l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France.

700    1_

$a Burdette, Laurie $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Prokhortchouk, Egor $u Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.

700    1_

$a Skryabin, Konstantin G $u Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation. Kurchatov Scientific Center, Moscow, Russian Federation.

700    1_

$a Yeager, Meredith $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Radojevic-Skodric, Sanja $u Institute of Pathology, Medical School of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. Clinic of Urology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.

700    1_

$a Ognjanovic, Simona $u Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America. International Organization for Cancer Prevention and Research (IOCPR), Belgrade, Serbia.

700    1_

$a Foretova, Lenka $u Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.

700    1_

$a Holcatova, Ivana $u Institute of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.

700    1_

$a Janout, Vladimir $u Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.

700    1_

$a Mates, Dana $u National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania.

700    1_

$a Mukeriya, Anush $u Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation.

700    1_

$a Rascu, Stefan $u Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.

700    1_

$a Zaridze, David $u Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation.

700    1_

$a Bencko, Vladimir $u Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.

700    1_

$a Cybulski, Cezary $u International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.

700    1_

$a Fabianova, Eleonora $u Regional Authority of Public Health in Banska Bystrica, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia.

700    1_

$a Jinga, Viorel $u Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Th. Burghele Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.

700    1_

$a Lissowska, Jolanta $u The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.

700    1_

$a Lubinski, Jan $u International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.

700    1_

$a Navratilova, Marie $u Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.

700    1_

$a Rudnai, Peter $u National Public Health Center, National Directorate of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary.

700    1_

$a Benhamou, Simone $u INSERM U946, Paris, France. CNRS UMR8200, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.

700    1_

$a Cancel-Tassin, Geraldine $u CeRePP, Paris, France. UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°5, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France.

700    1_

$a Cussenot, Olivier $u CeRePP, Paris, France. UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°5, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France. AP-HP, Department of Urology, Hopitaux Universitaires Est Parisien Tenon, Paris, France.

700    1_

$a Weiderpass, Elisabete $u Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland. Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.

700    1_

$a Ljungberg, Börje $u Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

700    1_

$a Tumkur Sitaram, Raviprakash $u Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

700    1_

$a Häggström, Christel $u Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

700    1_

$a Bruinsma, Fiona $u Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.

700    1_

$a Jordan, Susan J $u QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia. School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

700    1_

$a Severi, Gianluca $u "Health across generations" team, CESP Inserm, Facultés de Médicine Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy.

700    1_

$a Winship, Ingrid $u Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.

700    1_

$a Hveem, Kristian $u K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

700    1_

$a Vatten, Lars J $u Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

700    1_

$a Fletcher, Tony $u London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom.

700    1_

$a Larsson, Susanna C $u Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

700    1_

$a Wolk, Alicja $u Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

700    1_

$a Banks, Rosamonde E $u Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.

700    1_

$a Selby, Peter J $u National Institute for Health Research Diagnostic Evidence Cooperative, Division of Surgery, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

700    1_

$a Easton, Douglas F $u Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

700    1_

$a Andreotti, Gabriella $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Beane Freeman, Laura E $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Koutros, Stella $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Männistö, Satu $u National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.

700    1_

$a Weinstein, Stephanie $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Clark, Peter E $u Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Edwards, Todd L $u Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Lipworth, Loren $u Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Gapstur, Susan M $u American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Stevens, Victoria L $u American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Carol, Hallie $u Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Freedman, Matthew L $u Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Pomerantz, Mark M $u Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Cho, Eunyoung $u Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Wilson, Kathryn M $u Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Gaziano, J Michael $u Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Sesso, Howard D $u Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Freedman, Neal D $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Parker, Alexander S $u Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Eckel-Passow, Jeanette E $u Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Huang, Wen-Yi $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Kahnoski, Richard J $u Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Lane, Brian R $u Division of Urology, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America. College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Noyes, Sabrina L $u Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America. Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Petillo, David $u Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America. Diagnostics Program at Ferris State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Teh, Bin Tean $u Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genomics and Quantitative Biology, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America. Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-National, University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore. Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.

700    1_

$a Peters, Ulrike $u Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.

700    1_

$a White, Emily $u Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Anderson, Garnet L $u WHI Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Johnson, Lisa $u Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Luo, Juhua $u Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Buring, Julie $u Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Lee, I-Min $u Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America. Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Chow, Wong-Ho $u Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Moore, Lee E $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Eisen, Timothy $u University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

700    1_

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700    1_

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700    1_

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700    1_

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700    1_

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700    1_

$a Lathrop, G Mark $u McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

700    1_

$a Deleuze, Jean-Francois $u Centre National de Genotypage, Institut de Genomique, Centre de l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Evry, France. Fondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Paris, France.

700    1_

$a Gunter, Marc $u International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.

700    1_

$a McKay, James D $u International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.

700    1_

$a Wu, Xifeng $u Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Houlston, Richard S $u The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.

700    1_

$a Chanock, Stephen J $u Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

700    1_

$a Relton, Caroline $u MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.

700    1_

$a Richards, J Brent $u Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

700    1_

$a Martin, Richard M $u MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust National Institute for Health Research Bristol Nutrition Biomedical Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.

700    1_

$a Davey Smith, George $u MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.

700    1_

$a Brennan, Paul $u International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.

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