• Klíčová slova
• milvexian, žaludeční polypy,
• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda * farmakoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• gabapentin farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• inhibitory protonové pumpy * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nežádoucí účinky léčiv MeSH
• pánevní bolest * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• polypy etiologie   MeSH
• pyrimidiny farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
• triazoly farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• žaludek patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

Pacienti s nešpecifickými zápalovými ochoreniami čreva vykazujú významné odlišnosti vo fenotypových prejavoch ochorenia ako aj odpovedi na liečbu. Výrazná interindividuálna variabilita liečebnej odozvy viedla v posledných rokoch k výskumným iniciatívam zameraným na identifikáciu genetických markerov schopných prispieť k optimalizácii liečebných stratégií. Do klinickej praxe sa implementovalo napríklad vyšetrovanie prediktívnych markerov tiopurínmi-indukovanej myelosupresie. Na druhej strane, markery súvisiace s novšími liečebnými možnosťami, akou je napríklad biologická liečba, sa v bežnej praxi zatiaľ nevyužívajú. Článok ponúka prehľad pokrokov na poli farmakogenetiky IBD, sumarizuje známe farmakogenetické markery ako aj tzv. kandidátne gény a zaoberá sa ich perspektívnym využitím v personalizácii liečby IBD.

Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases show significant differences in phenotypic manifestation as well as responses to treatment. Significant interindividual variability in therapeutic response has led in recent years to research initiatives aimed at identifying genetic markers capable of optimizing the treatment. For example, investigation of predictive markers of thiopurine-induced myelosuppression has been implemented into clinical practice. On the other hand, markers related to new treatment options such as biological treatment are not yet used in common clinical practice. The article offers an overview of advances in the field of IBD pharmacogenetics, summarizes known pharmacogenetic markers as well as the candidate genes and their prospective use in the personalization of IBD treatment.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• farmakogenetika * klasifikace   metody   MeSH
• genetické markery genetika   MeSH
• glukokortikoidy farmakologie   genetika   klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• idiopatické střevní záněty * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   genetika   klasifikace   MeSH
• individualizovaná medicína metody   MeSH
• inhibitory TNF farmakologie   klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kyseliny aminosalicylové farmakologie   klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• puriny farmakologie   klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

AIM: Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) can be described as chronic skin inflammation lesions with the content of malignant T cells and they are considered to be T-cell-mediated skin diseases. CD147 is recognized as a 58-kDa cell surface glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily; it can induce the synthesis of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) on the surface of tumor cells where it was originally identified. It can also function in adjacent tumor fibroblasts using CD147-CD147 interactions. The polymorphism rs8259 T/A is situated in the untranslated region (3'UTR) of the CD147 gene. HLA DRB1*1501 takes part in the process of presentation and recognition of different antigens to T cells. It can be expressed by antigen-presenting cells-macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. The aim of the study is to test genotype-phenotype associations of both polymorphisms including therapy in a large cohort of CTCL patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A final total of 104 CTCL patients were enrolled in the study. For the first remission at the clinic department, they were treated by means of local skin-directed therapy, phototherapy, and systemic therapy. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. A standard technique using proteinase K was applied. The polymorphisms rs8259 T/A (CD147 gene) and rs3135388 (HLA DRB1*1501) were detected through standard PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. RESULTS: The severity of the disease (patients with parapsoriasis, stages IA and IB, vs patients with stages IIB, IIIA, and IIIB) was associated with the CD147 genotype: the AA variant was 3.38 times more frequent in more severe cases, which reflects the decision on systemic therapy (p = 0.02, specificity 0.965). The AA genotype in the CD147 polymorphism was 12 times more frequent in patients who underwent systemic therapy of CTCL compared to those not treated with this therapy (p = 0.009, specificity 0.976). The same genotype was also associated with radiotherapy-it was observed 14 times more frequently in patients treated with radiotherapy (p = 0.009, specificity 0.959). In patients treated with interferon α therapy, the AA genotype was observed to be 5.85 times more frequent compared to the patients not treated with interferon therapy (p = 0.03, specificity 0.963). The HLA DRB1*1501 polymorphism was associated with local skin-directed therapy of CTCL. The CC genotype of the polymorphism was observed to be 3.57 times more frequent in patients treated with local therapy (p = 0.008, specificity 0.948). When both polymorphisms had been calculated together, even better results were obtained: the AACC double genotype was 11 times more frequent in patients with severe CTCL (p = 0.009, specificity 0.977). The TACT double genotype was associated with local skin-directed therapy (0.09 times lower frequency, p = 0.007, sensitivity 0.982). The AACC genotype was 8.9 times more frequent in patients treated by means of systemic therapy (p = 0.02, specificity 0.976) and as many as 18.8 times more frequent in patients treated with radiotherapy (p = 0.005, specificity 0.969). Thus, the AACC double genotype of CD147 and DRB1*1501 polymorphisms seems to be a clinically highly specific marker of severity, systemic therapy and radiotherapy of patients with T-cell lymphoma. CONCLUSION: Although genotyping results were not known during the treatment decision and could not modify it, the clinical decision on severity and therapy reflected some aspects of the genetic background of this complicated T-cell-associated disease very well.

• MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• HLA-DRB1 řetězec genetika   MeSH
• kožní T-buněčný lymfom * farmakoterapie   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfom T-buněčný * MeSH
• nádory kůže * farmakoterapie   genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

PURPOSE: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are a molecularly, histologically, and clinically heterogeneous set of tumors originating from the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. This heterogeneous nature of HNSCC is one of the main contributing factors to the lack of prognostic markers for personalized treatment. The aim of this study was to develop and identify multi-omics markers capable of improved risk stratification in this highly heterogeneous patient population. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we approached this issue by establishing radiogenomics markers to identify high-risk individuals in a cohort of 127 HNSCC patients. Hybrid in vivo imaging and whole-exome sequencing were employed to identify quantitative imaging markers as well as genetic markers on pathway-level prognostic in HNSCC. We investigated the deductibility of the prognostic genetic markers using anatomical and metabolic imaging using positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography. Moreover, we used statistical and machine learning modeling to investigate whether a multi-omics approach can be used to derive prognostic markers for HNSCC. RESULTS: Radiogenomic analysis revealed a significant influence of genetic pathway alterations on imaging markers. A highly prognostic radiogenomic marker based on cellular senescence was identified. Furthermore, the radiogenomic biomarkers designed in this study vastly outperformed the prognostic value of markers derived from genetics and imaging alone. CONCLUSION: Using the identified markers, a clinically meaningful stratification of patients is possible, guiding the identification of high-risk patients and potentially aiding in the development of effective targeted therapies.

• MeSH
• dlaždicobuněčné karcinomy hlavy a krku diagnostické zobrazování   genetika   MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory hlavy a krku * diagnostické zobrazování   genetika   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• spinocelulární karcinom * patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• komentáře MeSH

Head and neck cancer is often diagnosed late and prognosis for most head and neck cancer patients remains poor. To aid early detection, we developed a risk prediction model based on demographic and lifestyle risk factors, human papillomavirus (HPV) serological markers and genetic markers. A total of 10 126 head and neck cancer cases and 5254 controls from five North American and European studies were included. HPV serostatus was determined by antibodies for HPV16 early oncoproteins (E6, E7) and regulatory early proteins (E1, E2, E4). The data were split into a training set (70%) for model development and a hold-out testing set (30%) for model performance evaluation, including discriminative ability and calibration. The risk models including demographic, lifestyle risk factors and polygenic risk score showed a reasonable predictive accuracy for head and neck cancer overall. A risk model that also included HPV serology showed substantially improved predictive accuracy for oropharyngeal cancer (AUC = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.92-0.95 in men and AUC = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.88-0.95 in women). The 5-year absolute risk estimates showed distinct trajectories by risk factor profiles. Based on the UK Biobank cohort, the risks of developing oropharyngeal cancer among 60 years old and HPV16 seropositive in the next 5 years ranged from 5.8% to 14.9% with an average of 8.1% for men, 1.3% to 4.4% with an average of 2.2% for women. Absolute risk was generally higher among individuals with heavy smoking, heavy drinking, HPV seropositivity and those with higher polygenic risk score. These risk models may be helpful for identifying people at high risk of developing head and neck cancer.

• MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• infekce papilomavirem * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské papilomaviry MeSH
• lidský papilomavirus 16 genetika   MeSH
• nádory hlavy a krku * MeSH
• nádory orofaryngu * MeSH
• onkogenní proteiny virové * genetika   MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Současný trend a zvyšující se znalosti o genetických příčinách vzniku a progresi zhoubných nádorů otevírá nové možnosti pro jejich léčbu. Nicméně je nutné výsledky získané pomocí klasických metod spojit s citlivými, molekulárně patologickými metodami. Metodou, která splňuje požadovaná kritéria, je multiplexní na ligaci závislá PCR reakce (MLPA) založená na multiplexní PCR reakci. Touto metodou jsou detekovány jak změny v počtu kopií genu, tak i metylační status DNA ve specifických oblastech a v neposlední řadě i bodové mutace. MLPA reakce je použitelná i na vysoce fragmentované DNA. Zároveň se jedná o metodu robustní, kterou lze provádět na standardních termocyklerech, fluorescenční značení vyžaduje analýzu pomocí automatického sekvenátoru. V jedné reakci lze testovat až 50 genetických markerů, což je počet, který umožňuje diagnostický a prognostický závěr. Všechny tyto vlastnosti vedou k rutinnímu využití MLPA analýzy nejen při diagnostice, ale i ve výzkumu nádorů. Předkládaný článek si klade za cíl popsat jednotlivé typy MLPA reakcí, její výhody, ale i potenciální úskalí.

The current progress and increasing knowledge about the genetic causes of cancer opens up new possibilities for its treatment. However, it is necessary to combine the results obtained using classical pathological methods with sensitive, multiplex molecular pathological methods. The method that meets the required criteria is MLPA based on multiplex PCR reaction. This method detects both changes in gene copy number and DNA methylation and, last but not least, point mutations. The MLPA reaction is applicable to even highly fragmented DNA. At the same time, it is a robust method that can be performed on standard thermocyclers, the fluorescent tip label requires automatic sequencers. Up to 50 genetic markers can be tested in one reaction, a number that allows a diagnostic and prognostic conclusion. All these features lead to the routine use of MLPA analysis not only in diagnosis but also in cancer research. The present article aims to summarize the different types of MLPA reactions, its benefits, but also the potential pitfalls.

• MeSH
• diagnostické techniky molekulární MeSH
• DNA genetika   MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• genová dávka MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metylace DNA MeSH
• nádory centrálního nervového systému * genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and rare variants of non-receptor tyrosine kinase 1 gene (TNK1) have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, none of the associations have proven to be of practical importance in predicting the risk of AD either because the evidence is not conclusive, or the risk alleles occur at very low frequency. In the present study, we are evaluating the associations between rs11867353 polymorphism of TNK1 gene and both AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a group of 1656 persons. While the association with AD was found to be highly statistically significant (p < 0.0001 for the risk genotype CC), no statistically significant association with MCI could be established. Possible explanation of the apparent discrepancy could be rapid progression of MCI to AD in persons with the CC genotype. Additional findings of the study are statistically significant associations of rs11867353 polymorphism with body mass index, body weight, and body height. The patients with AD and CC genotype had significantly lower values of body mass index and body weight compared with patients with other genotypes. The main outcome of the study is the finding of a previously never described association between the rs11867353 polymorphism of the TNK1 gene and AD. The rs11867353 polymorphism has a potential to become a significant genetic marker when predicting the risk of AD.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc genetika   MeSH
• fetální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
• genetické asociační studie MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• tělesná výška MeSH
• tyrosinkinasy genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and rare variants of non-receptor tyrosine kinase 1 gene (TNK1) have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, none of the associations have proven to be of practical importance in predicting the risk of AD either because the evidence is not conclusive, or the risk alleles occur at very low frequency. In the present study, we are evaluating the associations between rs11867353 polymorphism of TNK1 gene and both AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a group of 1656 persons. While the association with AD was found to be highly statistically significant (p < 0.0001 for the risk genotype CC), no statistically significant association with MCI could be established. Possible explanation of the apparent discrepancy could be rapid progression of MCI to AD in persons with the CC genotype. Additional findings of the study are statistically significant associations of rs11867353 polymorphism with body mass index, body weight, and body height. The patients with AD and CC genotype had significantly lower values of body mass index and body weight compared with patients with other genotypes. The main outcome of the study is the finding of a previously never described association between the rs11867353 polymorphism of the TNK1 gene and AD. The rs11867353 polymorphism has a potential to become a significant genetic marker when predicting the risk of AD.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc genetika   MeSH
• fetální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
• genetické asociační studie MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• tělesná výška MeSH
• tyrosinkinasy genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• diagnostické techniky molekulární metody   MeSH
• feces MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• geny erbB-1 imunologie   MeSH
• irinotekan škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• karcinoembryonální antigen analýza   dějiny   MeSH
• klinické laboratorní techniky metody   MeSH
• kolorektální nádory * diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrosatelitní nestabilita MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery * biosyntéza   klasifikace   krev   MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• ztráta heterozygozity MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Uniparentally-inherited markers on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the non-recombining regions of the Y chromosome (NRY), have been used for the past 30 years to investigate the history of humans from a maternal and paternal perspective. Researchers have preferred mtDNA due to its abundance in the cells, and comparatively high substitution rate. Conversely, the NRY is less susceptible to back mutations and saturation, and is potentially more informative than mtDNA owing to its longer sequence length. However, due to comparatively poor NRY coverage via shotgun sequencing, and the relatively low and biased representation of Y-chromosome variants on capture assays such as the 1240 k, ancient DNA studies often fail to utilize the unique perspective that the NRY can yield. Here we introduce a new DNA enrichment assay, coined YMCA (Y-mappable capture assay), that targets the "mappable" regions of the NRY. We show that compared to low-coverage shotgun sequencing and 1240 k capture, YMCA significantly improves the mean coverage and number of sites covered on the NRY, increasing the number of Y-haplogroup informative SNPs, and allowing for the identification of previously undiscovered variants. To illustrate the power of YMCA, we show that the analysis of ancient Y-chromosome lineages can help to resolve Y-chromosomal haplogroups. As a case study, we focus on H2, a haplogroup associated with a critical event in European human history: the Neolithic transition. By disentangling the evolutionary history of this haplogroup, we further elucidate the two separate paths by which early farmers expanded from Anatolia and the Near East to western Europe.

• MeSH
• alely * MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• genetické testování MeSH
• haplotypy * MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidský chromozom Y * MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH
• populační genetika * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH