PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare malignancy posing significant diagnostic and management challenges. This review provides an overview of the evidence supporting various imaging modalities and offers insights into future innovations in UTUC imaging. RECENT FINDINGS: With the growing use of advancements in computed tomography (CT) technologies for both staging and follow-up of UTUC patients, continuous innovations aim to enhance performance and minimize the risk of excessive exposure to ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast medium. In patients unable to undergo CT, magnetic resonance imaging serves as an alternative imaging modality, though its sensitivity is lower than CT. Positron emission tomography, particularly with innovative radiotracers and theranostics, has the potential to significantly advance precision medicine in UTUC. Endoscopic imaging techniques including advanced modalities seem to be promising in improved visualization and diagnostic accuracy, however, evidence remains scarce. Radiomics and radiogenomics present emerging tools for noninvasive tumor characterization and prognosis. SUMMARY: The landscape of imaging for UTUC is rapidly evolving, with significant advancements across various modalities promising improved diagnostic accuracy, patient outcomes, and safety.
- MeSH
- karcinom z přechodných buněk * diagnóza diagnostické zobrazování terapie patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody MeSH
- nádory ledvin diagnostické zobrazování terapie diagnóza patologie MeSH
- nádory močovodu diagnostické zobrazování diagnóza terapie patologie MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie metody MeSH
- pozitronová emisní tomografie metody MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- urologické nádory diagnóza diagnostické zobrazování terapie patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Minimal residual disease (MRD) is one of the most important prognostic factors in multiple myeloma (MM) and a valid surrogate for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Recently, MRD negativity was approved as an early clinical endpoint for accelerated drug approval in MM. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence of MRD utility in real-world setting. In this retrospective multicenter study, we report outcomes of 331 newly diagnosed MM patients with MRD evaluation at Day+100 after autologous stem cell transplantation using flow cytometry with a median limit of detection of 0.001%. MRD negativity was reached in 47% of patients and was associated with significantly prolonged median PFS (49.2 months vs. 18.4 months; hazard ratios (HR) = 0.37; p < 0.001) and OS (not reached vs. 74.9 months; HR = 0.50; p = 0.007). Achieving MRD negativity was associated with PFS improvements regardless of age, International Staging System (ISS) stage, lactate dedydrogenase (LDH) level, or cytogenetic risk. Importantly, MRD positive patients benefited from lenalidomide maintenance versus no maintenance (18-months PFS: 81% vs. 46%; HR = 0.24; p = 0.002) while in MRD negative patients such benefit was not observed (p = 0.747). The outcomes of our real-world study recapitulate results from clinical trials including meta-analyses and support the idea that MRD positive patients profit more from lenalidomide maintenance than MRD negative ones.
- MeSH
- autologní transplantace MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lenalidomid aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mnohočetný myelom * diagnóza mortalita terapie patologie MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie * metody MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- reziduální nádor * diagnóza MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- transplantace hematopoetických kmenových buněk metody MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There are limited data on real-world outcomes for patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) since immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) became available. Our objective was to analyze outcomes for patients with mUC since ICIs became available. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 131 patients with mUC attending the outpatient clinic of a single tertiary care center who received systemic therapy between June 2017 and July 2021 with follow-up up to December 2022. Summary and descriptive statistics were calculated for categorical and continuous variables. The Kaplan-Meier method was applied to calculate survival, and a Cox proportional-hazards model was used to explore associations between clinical variables and outcomes. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: The median patient age was 68 yr (range 35-90). The first systemic therapy administered was platinum-based in 79% of cases and ICI-based in 21%. Some 61% of the cohort received a second systemic treatment, with 75% of these an ICI. Median overall survival for the entire cohort was 24 mo (interquartile range 9-35). Patients on ICI therapy for ≥6 mo had median overall survival of 59 mo (95% confidence interval 39 mo-not reached). Metastatic sites on initiation of ICI therapy and C-reactive protein kinetics were prognostic in patients receiving ICIs. Limitations include the retrospective design and inherent selection bias. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: More than 60% of patients with mUC received second-line treatment, and 75% of these received an ICI. Patients staying on immunotherapy for more than 6 mo have substantially better outcomes in comparison to patients with less time on immunotherapy and historical cohorts. PATIENT SUMMARY: We looked at the lines of therapy and outcomes for patients with advanced or metastatic cancer of the urinary tract, starting from when immunotherapy drugs called immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) became available. We found that 60% of patients have received second-line therapy, which is a double the rate in comparison to historical groups of patients. Patients with long-term ICI therapy (>6 months) had significantly better outcomes, with a median survival of more than 3 years.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- imunoterapie * metody MeSH
- inhibitory kontrolních bodů * terapeutické užití MeSH
- karcinom z přechodných buněk * farmakoterapie sekundární patologie MeSH
- lékařská praxe - způsoby provádění statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metastázy nádorů MeSH
- míra přežití MeSH
- nádory močového měchýře * farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- urologické nádory farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Karcinom jícnu a žaludku jsou onemocnění s vážnou prognózou. Zatímco co se incidence karcinomu žaludku snižuje, incidence nádorů gastroezofageální junkce a jícnu narůstá. Muži jsou postiženi častěji než ženy. Navzdory určitému pokroku v posledních 10 letech je úmrtnost specifická pro nádorové onemocnění velmi vysoká a dosahuje 70 %. Prognózu pacienta určuje především stadium, ale také histologie, celkový stav a komorbidity. U časných a lokalizovaných stadií je léčebný přístup kurativní, vyžadující komplexní péči již v průběhu neoadjuvantní terapie. Nutriční podpora je zásadní součástí předoperační přípravy, centra specializovaná na operativu jícnu a žaludku stále více adoptují koncept prehabilitace. Hlavními léčebnými modalitami jsou endoskopie, chirurgie, systémová léčba a radioterapie. U lokálně pokročilého skvamózního karcinomu je standardem léčby neoadjuvantní chemoradioterapie následovaná pooperační imunoterapií, nebylo-li dosaženo patologické kompletní remise, alternativou je u pacientů s komorbiditami definitivní chemoradioterapie. U adenokarcinomu je první volbou perioperační chemoterapie FLOT, která prokázala lepší výsledky než chemoradioterapie. Chemoradioterapie má své místo u pacientů, kteří by netolerovali FLOT, či v případě snahy o dosažení vyšší lokální kontroly. MSI-high nádory mohou být primárně operovány. Dle výsledků studií fáze II se u skupiny pacientů s MSI-high nádory jeví jako nejúčinnější léčba neoadjuvantní imunoterapie, ať samostatně, či v kombinaci s chemoterapií. Tento přístup vede k počtu patologických kompletních remisí okolo 60 % a je nadějným orgán záchovným postupem. U HER2 pozitivních nádorů může být zvážena předoperační systémová terapie s trastuzumabem, neboť dokladuje významně vyšší počet patologických kompletních remisí a nabízí možnost dosažení vyššího počtu R0 resekce. Tento postup však ještě není akceptovaným standardem ve všech evropských zemích. U oligometastatického onemocnění je v individuálních případech možné zvážit chirurgické řešení primárního nádoru i metastáz u pacientů, kteří odpovídají na systémovou léčbu. Ovlivnění celkové doby života je však dokladováno pouze u pacientů s retroperitoneálním postižením a bez peritoneálních metastáz.
Esophageal and gastric cancer are diseases with a serious prognosis. While the incidence of gastric cancer is decreasing, the incidence of the gastroesophageal junction and esophageal cancer is increasing. Men are affected more often than women. Despite some progress in the last 10 years, cancer-specific mortality is very high, reaching 70%. The prognosis is mainly determined by the stage, histology, general condition and comorbidities. The treatment approach is curative for early and localized stages, requiring comprehensive care already during neoadjuvant therapy. Nutritional support is an essential part of preoperative preparation, and centres specializing in esophagogastric surgery are increasingly adopting the concept of prehabilitation. The main treatment modalities are endoscopy, surgery, systemic therapy and radiotherapy. In locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by postoperative immunotherapy is the standard of care, if pathological complete remission has not been achieved. Definitive chemoradiotherapy is an alternative in patients with comorbidities. For adenocarcinoma, perioperative FLOT chemotherapy is the first choice and has shown better results than chemoradiotherapy. Chemoradiotherapy has its place in patients who would not tolerate FLOT or when trying to achieve a higher response rate. According to phase II studies, patients with MSI-high tumours could be treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy, alone or in combination with chemotherapy; this approach has led to a pathological complete remission rate of approximately 60% and is a promising organ-preserving approach. For HER2-positive tumours, preoperative systemic therapy with trastuzumab may be considered as it demonstrates a significantly higher number of pathological complete remissions and offers the possibility of achieving a higher R0 resection rate. In oligometastatic disease, surgical management of the primary tumour and metastases may be considered in individual cases in patients who respond to systemic therapy. However, an impact on overall survival has only been documented in patients with retroperitoneal involvement and no peritoneal metastases.
- MeSH
- doba přežití bez progrese choroby MeSH
- kombinovaná terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory jícnu * chirurgie epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- nádory žaludku * chirurgie epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- neoadjuvantní terapie MeSH
- perioperační péče * MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Karcinom děložního čípku je jednou z nejčastějších malignit zjištěných v průběhu těhotenství. Většina případů je zjištěna v časném stadiu onemocnění. Časná diagnostika se opírá o screeningové vyšetření v I. trimestru těhotenství. Vzhledem k těhotenským změnám na děložním hrdle jsou nálezy obtížně hodnotitelné, s tendencí k falešné pozitivitě. Péče o pacientku a plod by měla být v rukách multidisciplinárního týmu s individualizovanou léčbou a s respektováním přání pacientky. Placenta accreta je nejčastějším typem abnormálně invazivní placenty (AIP). Ultrazvukové vyšetření má své nezastupitelné místo zejména v časné diagnostice abnormální invaze trofoblastu. Mezi hlavní rizikové faktory abnormální nidace patří císařský řez v anamnéze (nebo jiné předchozí operace na děloze, kyretáž) a vyšší věk matky.
Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is the most frequent malignant disease diagnosed in pregnant women. Most cases are early carcinomas due to cervical screening methods (PAPP smear, HPV DNA testation and colposcopy). However sometimes the results of the examination are unclear due to the physiological pregnancy associated changes of the cervical epithelium (squamous of the vaginal portion and columnar of the cervical canal). Cervical cancer complicating pregnancy is a specific clinical situation, that requires individual approach, multidisciplinary experienced team of specialists in gynaecological oncology and in obstetrics, respecting the opinion of the pregnant woman. Placenta accreta represents the most frequent type of abnormally adherent placenta, where placental villi are attached to the myometrium. Placenta accreta may be ultrasonically diagnosed antepartum. The main etiological factors are previous caesarean section scar (or other previous uterine incisions, uterine curettage) and older age of pregnant women.
- MeSH
- adenokarcinom diagnóza patologie terapie MeSH
- časná detekce nádoru MeSH
- císařský řez škodlivé účinky MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- gynekologické chirurgické výkony MeSH
- komplikace porodu etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidské papilomaviry MeSH
- nádorové komplikace v těhotenství diagnóza terapie MeSH
- nádory děložního čípku * diagnóza patologie prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- placenta accreta chirurgie MeSH
- poporodní krvácení chirurgie diagnóza MeSH
- protokoly protinádorové léčby MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
The International Staging System for multiple myeloma recently underwent a second revision (R2-ISS) to include gain/amplification of 1q21 and account for the additive prognostic significance of multiple high-risk features. The phase 3 ICARIA-MM (isatuximab-pomalidomide-dexamethasone vs. pomalidomide-dexamethasone) and IKEMA (isatuximab-carfilzomib-dexamethasone vs. carfilzomib-dexamethasone) studies provide large datasets for retrospectively validating the prognostic value of the R2-ISS in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Of 609 pooled patients, 68 (11.2%) were reclassified as R2-ISS stage I, 136 (22.3%) as R2-ISS stage II, 204 (33.5%) as R2-ISS stage III, 55 (9.0%) as stage IV, and 146 (24.0%) "Not classified". Median progression-free survival was shorter among those reclassified as R2-ISS stage II (HR 1.52, 95% CI 0.979-2.358), stage III (HR 2.59, 95% CI 1.709-3.923), and stage IV (HR 3.51, 95% CI 2.124-5.784) versus stage I. Adding isatuximab led to longer progression-free survival versus doublet therapy (adjusted HR 0.544 [95% CI 0.436-0.680]), with a consistent treatment effect observed across all R2-ISS stages. This is the first study to validate the R2-ISS with novel agents, including anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, and to show that R2-ISS, as a prognostic scoring system, can be applied to patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
- MeSH
- dexamethason terapeutické užití aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky * terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mnohočetný myelom * patologie farmakoterapie mortalita diagnóza MeSH
- oligopeptidy terapeutické užití MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- protokoly antitumorózní kombinované chemoterapie * terapeutické užití MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- staging nádorů * MeSH
- thalidomid analogy a deriváty terapeutické užití aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze III MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- validační studie MeSH
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents 2% of all diagnosed malignancies worldwide, with disease recurrence affecting 20% to 40% of patients. Existing prognostic recurrence models based on clinicopathological features continue to be a subject of controversy. In this meta-analysis, we summarized research findings that explored the correlation between clinicopathological characteristics and post-surgery survival outcomes in non-metastatic RCC patients. Our analysis incorporates 99 publications spanning 140 568 patients. The study's main findings indicate that the following clinicopathological characteristics were associated with unfavorable survival outcomes: T stage, tumor grade, tumor size, lymph node involvement, tumor necrosis, sarcomatoid features, positive surgical margins (PSM), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), early recurrence, constitutional symptoms, poor performance status (PS), low hemoglobin level, high body-mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension. All of which emerged as predictors for poor recurrence-free survival (RFS) and cancer-specific survival. Clear cell (CC) subtype, urinary collecting system invasion (UCSI), capsular penetration, perinephric fat invasion, renal vein invasion (RVI) and increased C-reactive protein (CRP) were all associated with poor RFS. In contrast, age, sex, tumor laterality, nephrectomy type and approach had no impact on survival outcomes. As part of an additional analysis, we attempted to assess the association between these characteristics and late recurrences (relapses occurring more than 5 years after surgery). Nevertheless, we did not find any prediction capabilities for late disease recurrences among any of the features examined. Our findings highlight the prognostic significance of various clinicopathological characteristics potentially aiding in the identification of high-risk RCC patients and enhancing the development of more precise prediction models.
PURPOSE: A re-transurethral resection of the bladder (re-TURB) is a well-established approach in managing non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) for various reasons: repeat-TURB is recommended for a macroscopically incomplete initial resection, restaging-TURB is required if the first resection was macroscopically complete but contained no detrusor muscle (DM) and second-TURB is advised for all completely resected T1-tumors with DM in the resection specimen. This study assessed the long-term outcomes after repeat-, second-, and restaging-TURB in T1-NMIBC patients. METHODS: Individual patient data with tumor characteristics of 1660 primary T1-patients (muscle-invasion at re-TURB omitted) diagnosed from 1990 to 2018 in 17 hospitals were analyzed. Time to recurrence, progression, death due to bladder cancer (BC), and all causes (OS) were visualized with cumulative incidence functions and analyzed by log-rank tests and multivariable Cox-regression models stratified by institution. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 45.3 (IQR 22.7-81.1) months. There were no differences in time to recurrence, progression, or OS between patients undergoing restaging (135 patients), second (644 patients), or repeat-TURB (84 patients), nor between patients who did or who did not undergo second or restaging-TURB. However, patients who underwent repeat-TURB had a shorter time to BC death compared to those who had second- or restaging-TURB (multivariable HR 3.58, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Prognosis did not significantly differ between patients who underwent restaging- or second-TURB. However, a worse prognosis in terms of death due to bladder cancer was found in patients who underwent repeat-TURB compared to second-TURB and restaging-TURB, highlighting the importance of separately evaluating different indications for re-TURB.
- MeSH
- cystektomie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- močový měchýř chirurgie patologie MeSH
- nádory močového měchýře neinvadující svalovinu * MeSH
- nádory močového měchýře * chirurgie patologie MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- urologické chirurgické výkony MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- časná detekce nádoru metody MeSH
- cílená molekulární terapie klasifikace metody MeSH
- farmakoterapie klasifikace metody MeSH
- lékařská onkologie klasifikace MeSH
- nádory * diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie klasifikace prevence a kontrola MeSH
- radioterapie klasifikace metody MeSH
- staging nádorů metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC), a tumor with a significantly increasing incidence, is mostly diagnosed in the head region, where tumors have a worse prognosis and a higher risk of metastases. The presence of metastases reduces specific five-year survival from 99% to 50%. As the risk of occult metastases does not exceed 10%, elective dissection of the tributary parotid and neck lymph nodes is not recommended. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a group of 12 patients with cSCC of the head after elective dissections of regional (parotid and cervical) nodes by means of superficial parotidectomy and selective neck dissection. RESULTS: We diagnosed occult metastases neither in the cervical nor parotid nodes in any patient. None were diagnosed as a regional recurrence during the follow-up period. CONCLUCION: Our negative opinion on elective parotidectomy and neck dissection in cSCC of the head is in agreement with the majority of published studies. These elective procedures are not indicated even for tumors showing the presence of known (clinical and histological) risk factors for lymphogenic spread, as their positive predictive value is too low. Elective parotidectomy is individually considered as safe deep surgical margin. If elective parotidectomy is planned it should include only the superficial lobe. Completion parotidectomy and elective neck dissection are done in rare cases of histologically confirmed parotid metastasis in the parotid specimen. Preoperatively diagnosed parotid metastases without neck involvement are sent for total parotidectomy and elective selective neck dissection. Cases of clinically evident neck metastasis with no parotid involvement, are referred for comprehensive neck dissection and elective superficial parotidectomy. The treatment of concurrent parotid and cervical metastases includes total conservative parotidectomy and comprehensive neck dissection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: How common is the problem? Step 4 (Case-series) Is this diagnostic or monitoring test accurate? (Diagnosis) Step 4 (poor or non-independent reference standard) What will happen if we do not add a therapy? (Prognosis) Step 4 (Case-series) Does this intervention help? (Treatment Benefits) Step 4 (Case-series) What are the COMMON harms? (Treatment Harms) Step 4 (Case-series) What are the RARE harms? (Treatment Harms) Step 4 (Case-series) Is this (early detection) test worthwhile? (Screening) Step 4 (Case-series).
- MeSH
- krční disekce metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory hlavy a krku * chirurgie patologie MeSH
- nádory kůže * chirurgie patologie MeSH
- nádory příušní žlázy * chirurgie patologie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- spinocelulární karcinom * patologie MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
