PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare malignancy posing significant diagnostic and management challenges. This review provides an overview of the evidence supporting various imaging modalities and offers insights into future innovations in UTUC imaging. RECENT FINDINGS: With the growing use of advancements in computed tomography (CT) technologies for both staging and follow-up of UTUC patients, continuous innovations aim to enhance performance and minimize the risk of excessive exposure to ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast medium. In patients unable to undergo CT, magnetic resonance imaging serves as an alternative imaging modality, though its sensitivity is lower than CT. Positron emission tomography, particularly with innovative radiotracers and theranostics, has the potential to significantly advance precision medicine in UTUC. Endoscopic imaging techniques including advanced modalities seem to be promising in improved visualization and diagnostic accuracy, however, evidence remains scarce. Radiomics and radiogenomics present emerging tools for noninvasive tumor characterization and prognosis. SUMMARY: The landscape of imaging for UTUC is rapidly evolving, with significant advancements across various modalities promising improved diagnostic accuracy, patient outcomes, and safety.
- MeSH
- karcinom z přechodných buněk * diagnóza diagnostické zobrazování terapie patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody MeSH
- nádory ledvin diagnostické zobrazování terapie diagnóza patologie MeSH
- nádory močovodu diagnostické zobrazování diagnóza terapie patologie MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie metody MeSH
- pozitronová emisní tomografie metody MeSH
- staging nádorů MeSH
- urologické nádory diagnóza diagnostické zobrazování terapie patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- cystická onemocnění ledvin diagnóza farmakoterapie klasifikace MeSH
- diabetické nefropatie diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- glomerulonefritida diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie klasifikace patologie MeSH
- infekce močového ústrojí diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie klasifikace MeSH
- intersticiální nefritida diagnóza farmakoterapie klasifikace MeSH
- nádory ledvin diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- náhrada funkce ledvin klasifikace metody MeSH
- nemoci ledvin * diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie klasifikace MeSH
- urolitiáza diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Oncocytic renal neoplasms are a major source of diagnostic challenge in genitourinary pathology; however, they are typically nonaggressive in general, raising the question of whether distinguishing different subtypes, including emerging entities, is necessary. Emerging entities recently described include eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (ESC RCC), low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT), eosinophilic vacuolated tumor (EVT), and papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity (PRNRP). A survey was shared among 65 urologic pathologists using SurveyMonkey.com (Survey Monkey, Santa Clara, CA, USA). De-identified and anonymized respondent data were analyzed. Sixty-three participants completed the survey and contributed to the study. Participants were from Asia (n = 21; 35%), North America (n = 31; 52%), Europe (n = 6; 10%), and Australia (n = 2; 3%). Half encounter oncocytic renal neoplasms that are difficult to classify monthly or more frequently. Most (70%) indicated that there is enough evidence to consider ESC RCC as a distinct entity now, whereas there was less certainty for LOT (27%), EVT (29%), and PRNRP (37%). However, when combining the responses for sufficient evidence currently and likely in the future, LOT and EVT yielded > 70% and > 60% for PRNRP. Most (60%) would not render an outright diagnosis of oncocytoma on needle core biopsy. There was a dichotomy in the routine use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the evaluation of oncocytoma (yes = 52%; no = 48%). The most utilized IHC markers included keratin 7 and 20, KIT, AMACR, PAX8, CA9, melan A, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)B, and fumarate hydratase (FH). Genetic techniques used included TSC1/TSC2/MTOR (67%) or TFE3 (74%) genes and pathways; however, the majority reported using these very rarely. Only 40% have encountered low-grade oncocytic renal neoplasms that are deficient for FH. Increasing experience with the spectrum of oncocytic renal neoplasms will likely yield further insights into the most appropriate work-up, classification, and clinical management for these entities.
Kazuistika poukazuje na možnost farmakologické terapie everolimem u pacientů s chirurgicky neřešitelným rozsáhlým postižením ledvin angiomyolipomy, které pacienty ohrožují závažným krvácením.
The case study highlights the possibility of pharmacological therapy with everolimus for patients with extensive kidney angiomyolipomatosis, which poses a serious risk of bleeding to the patients.
- MeSH
- angiomyolipom * farmakoterapie komplikace MeSH
- diagnostické zobrazování metody MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- everolimus * škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- krvácení etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory ledvin * diagnóza terapie MeSH
- stomatitida etiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
V onkourologii využíváme řadu biomarkerů v diagnostice, monitoraci léčby, předpovědi relapsu či rezistence na terapii. Nejčastěji užívaným biomarkerem v onkourologii je prostatický specifický antigen (PSA) u léčby karcinomu prostaty. Další markery se uplatňují u nádorů varlat, konkrétně alfa‐fetoprotein (AFP), beta‐podjednotka lidského choriogonadotropinu (beta‐hCG) a laktátdehydrogenáza (LD). U karcinomu močového měchýře využíváme vyšetření cytologie moči, jejímž úskalím je však i přes dobrou senzitivitu a specificitu v záchytu high‐grade uroteliálního karcinomu nízká senzitivita při detekci low‐grade lézí. U ostatních onkourologických onemocnění nám však stále specifické biomarkery chybí. V současné době probíhá výzkum cirkulujících nádorových buněk (circulating tumor cells – CTC), které jsou odebírány pomocí tzv. „tekuté biopsie“ a mohly by se stát slibnými biomarkery v řadě onemocnění. V této práci podáváme přehled aktuálního využití CTC u onkourologických onemocnění.
In oncourology, we use a number of biomark‐ ers for diagnosis, monitoring treatment, predicting relapse or resistance to therapy. The most commonly used biomarker in oncourology is prostate specific antigen (PSA) in the treatment of prostate cancer. Other markers used in testicular tumours are alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), beta‐subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (betahCG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD). For bladder cancer we use urine cytology test, which despite good sensitivity and specificity in detecting high‐grade urothelial carcinomas has the disadvantage of low sensitivity in detecting low‐grade lesions. However, we still lack specific biomarkers for other oncological diseases. Currently, research is being conducted on circulating tumour cells (CTCs), which are collected by a so‐called “liquid biopsy” and could be promising biomarkers for a number of diseases. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current use of CTCs in oncourological diseases.
- MeSH
- časná diagnóza * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezioborová komunikace MeSH
- nádory ledvin * diagnóza epidemiologie etiologie terapie MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- rozhovory MeSH
a-Methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) is traditionally considered to be a marker of papillary renal cell carcinoma. However, AMACR expression can be seen in other renal tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate AMACR immunoreactivity within the spectrum of clear cell renal cell neoplasms. Fifty-three clear cell renal epithelial tumors were used in assembling the following four cohorts: low grade (LG) clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), high grade (HG) CCRCC, CCRCC with cystic changes, and multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential (MCRNLMP). Representative blocks were stained for AMACR, using two different clones (SP52 and OV-TL12/30). There were at least some AMACR immunoreactivity in 77.8 % and 68.9 % of CCRCCs (using SP52 and OV-TL12/30 clone, respectively). Moderate to strong positivity, or positivity in more than one third of the tumor (even weak in intensity) was detected in 46.7 % of CCRCCs using SP52 and in 48.9 % of CCRCC using OV-TL12/30 clone. The highest AMACR reactivity was observed in HG CCRCC (60 % by SP52 and 66.7 % by OV-TL12/30). Strong and diffuse AMACR positivity was detected in 8.9 % of all CCRCCs. AMACR immunoreactivity in MCRNLMP was 37.5 % (SP52 clone) and 25 % (OV-TL12/30 clone). We demonstrated relatively high expression rate of AMACR in CCRCC, while very variable in intensity and distribution. This finding may have diagnostic implications especially in limited samples (i.e., core biopsies), as AMACR positivity does not exclude the diagnosis of CCRCC.
- MeSH
- imunohistochemie metody MeSH
- karcinom z renálních buněk * patologie metabolismus diagnóza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery * metabolismus MeSH
- nádory ledvin * patologie metabolismus diagnóza MeSH
- racemasy a epimerasy * metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory ledvin * chirurgie diagnóza MeSH
- nefrektomie metody MeSH
- recidiva MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- novinové články MeSH
- zprávy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- angiomyolipom diagnóza klasifikace patologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- karcinoid diagnóza patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mTOR inhibitory terapeutické užití MeSH
- nádory ledvin diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- nádory slinivky břišní diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- neuroendokrinní nádory * diagnostické zobrazování diagnóza klasifikace patologie MeSH
- tuberózní skleróza * diagnóza farmakoterapie komplikace patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
This review summarizes current knowledge on several novel and emerging renal entities, including eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), RCC with fibromyomatous stroma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-rearranged RCC, low-grade oncocytic renal tumor, eosinophilic vacuolated tumor, thyroidlike follicular RCC, and biphasic hyalinizing psammomatous RCC. Their clinical features, gross and microscopic morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular and genetic features are described. The diagnosis of most of them rests on recognizing their morphologic features using immunohistochemistry. Accurate diagnosis of these entitles will further reduce the category of "unclassifiable renal carcinomas/tumors" and will lead to better clinical management and improved patient prognostication.
