a-Methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) is traditionally considered to be a marker of papillary renal cell carcinoma. However, AMACR expression can be seen in other renal tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate AMACR immunoreactivity within the spectrum of clear cell renal cell neoplasms. Fifty-three clear cell renal epithelial tumors were used in assembling the following four cohorts: low grade (LG) clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), high grade (HG) CCRCC, CCRCC with cystic changes, and multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential (MCRNLMP). Representative blocks were stained for AMACR, using two different clones (SP52 and OV-TL12/30). There were at least some AMACR immunoreactivity in 77.8 % and 68.9 % of CCRCCs (using SP52 and OV-TL12/30 clone, respectively). Moderate to strong positivity, or positivity in more than one third of the tumor (even weak in intensity) was detected in 46.7 % of CCRCCs using SP52 and in 48.9 % of CCRCC using OV-TL12/30 clone. The highest AMACR reactivity was observed in HG CCRCC (60 % by SP52 and 66.7 % by OV-TL12/30). Strong and diffuse AMACR positivity was detected in 8.9 % of all CCRCCs. AMACR immunoreactivity in MCRNLMP was 37.5 % (SP52 clone) and 25 % (OV-TL12/30 clone). We demonstrated relatively high expression rate of AMACR in CCRCC, while very variable in intensity and distribution. This finding may have diagnostic implications especially in limited samples (i.e., core biopsies), as AMACR positivity does not exclude the diagnosis of CCRCC.
- MeSH
- imunohistochemie metody MeSH
- karcinom z renálních buněk * patologie metabolismus diagnóza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery * metabolismus MeSH
- nádory ledvin * patologie metabolismus diagnóza MeSH
- racemasy a epimerasy * metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Carcinoma with apocrine differentiation (AC) is a subtype of breast carcinoma with apocrine features in >90% of the tumor. Molecular studies demonstrate AC has high expression of androgen receptor (AR) mRNA. Pure AC lack estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and express AR, with variable human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) status. Currently, in triple negative AC, no targetable therapies or specific diagnostic markers exist. MATERIALS AND METHODS: α-Methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR) expression was investigated as a marker of apocrine differentiation using a single-plex immunoperoxidase stain, and a novel AMACR/p63 dual stain in a subset of cases, across 1) benign apocrine lesions (apocrine metaplasia, adenosis) 2) apocrine DCIS (ADCIS), 3) AC/ invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) with apocrine features, 4) non-apocrine triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and 5) IDC, no special type. A sub-set of cases were evaluated by tissue microarray. RESULTS: AMACR expression was increased in both AC and ADCIS, with minimal expression in benign breast tissue, TNBC and IDC, NST cases. In invasive cases, those with positive AMACR (>5% positivity) were significantly associated with higher histologic grade (P = .006), initial N stage (chi squared 0.044), and lack of ER or PR expression (both P < .001), with no correlation with overall survival. Analysis of TCGA breast cancer datasets revealed AMACR expression was significantly higher in molecularly defined apocrine carcinomas relative to basal and luminal subtypes. Moreover, high AMACR expression predicted worse relapse-free and distant-metastasis free survival, among both ER-/PR-/Her2- and ER-/PR-/Her2+ breast cancer cohorts (log-rank P = .081 and .00011, respectively). CONCLUSION: AMACR represents a promising diagnostic and prognostic marker in apocrine breast lesions. Further study is needed to determine the biologic and clinical significance of this protein in AC.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lokální recidiva nádoru MeSH
- lymfatické metastázy MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery metabolismus MeSH
- nádory prsu * metabolismus MeSH
- racemasy a epimerasy MeSH
- receptor erbB-2 metabolismus MeSH
- receptory pro estrogeny metabolismus MeSH
- receptory progesteronu metabolismus MeSH
- triple-negativní karcinom prsu * diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Overactivation of NMDA receptors has been implicated in various neuropathological conditions, including brain ischaemia, neurodegenerative disorders and epilepsy. Production of d-serine, an NMDA receptor co-agonist, from l-serine is catalyzed in vivo by the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme serine racemase. Specific inhibition of this enzyme has been proposed as a promising strategy for treatment of neurological conditions caused by NMDA receptor dysfunction. Here we present the synthesis and activity analysis of a series of malonate-based inhibitors of mouse serine racemase (mSR). The compounds possessed IC50 values ranging from 40 ± 11 mM for 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)malonate down to 57 ± 1 μM for 2,2-dichloromalonate, the most effective competitive mSR inhibitor known to date. The structure-activity relationship of the whole series in the human orthologue (hSR) was interpreted using Glide docking, WaterMap analysis of hydration and quantum mechanical calculations based on the X-ray structure of the hSR/malonate complex. Docking into the hSR active site with three thermodynamically favourable water molecules was able to discern qualitatively between good and weak inhibitors. Further improvement in ranking was obtained using advanced PM6-D3H4X/COSMO semiempirical quantum mechanics-based scoring which distinguished between the compounds with IC50 better/worse than 2 mM. We have thus not only found a new potent hSR inhibitor but also worked out a computer-assisted protocol to rationalize the binding affinity which will thus aid in search for more effective SR inhibitors. Novel, potent hSR inhibitors may represent interesting research tools as well as drug candidates for treatment of diseases associated with NMDA receptor overactivation.
- MeSH
- inhibitory enzymů chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
- malonáty chemická syntéza chemie farmakologie MeSH
- molekulární modely MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- myši MeSH
- racemasy a epimerasy antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- termodynamika MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- zkřížená reaktivita, Elecsys Vitamin D total, HPLC MS/MS dle Baecherové,
- MeSH
- cholekalciferol metabolismus MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- ergokalciferoly metabolismus MeSH
- kalcifediol * analýza krev metabolismus MeSH
- kalcitriol biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- racemasy a epimerasy * analýza MeSH
- regresní analýza MeSH
- věkové rozložení MeSH
- vitamin D * chemie krev metabolismus MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
We present a cohort of 8 renal carcinomas that displayed a variable (5%-95% extent) light microscopic appearance of renal angiomyoadenomatous tumor/clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma (RAT/CCPRCC) without fulfilling the criteria for these tumors. All but 1 case predominantly (75%-95% extent) showed histopathologic features of conventional clear cell renal cell carcinoma. In 5 of 7 cases with mostly conventional clear renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) morphology, a diagnosis of CRCC was supported by the molecular genetic findings (presence of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor [VHL] mutation and/or VHL promoter methylation and/or loss of heterozygosity [LOH] for 3p). Of the other 2 cases with predominantly characteristic CRCC morphology, 1 tumor did not reveal any VHL mutation, VHL promoter methylation, or LOH for 3p, and both chromosomes 7 and 17 were disomic, whereas the other tumor displayed polysomy for chromosomes 7 and 17 and no VHL mutation, VHL promoter methylation, or LOH for 3p. One tumor was composed primarily (95%) of distinctly RAT/CCPRCC-like morphology, and this tumor harbored a VHL mutation and displayed polysomy for chromosomes 7 and 17. Of the 5 cases with both histomorphologic features and molecular genetic findings of CRCC, we detected significant immunoreactivity for alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase in 2 cases and strong diffuse immunopositivity for cytokeratin 7 in 3 cases. Despite the combination of positivity for alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase and cytokeratin 7 in 2 cases, there was nothing to suggest of the possibility of a conventional papillary renal cell carcinoma with a predominance of clear cells.
- MeSH
- adenom * diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- angiomyom * diagnóza MeSH
- chromozomální aberace MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- karcinom z renálních buněk * diagnóza MeSH
- keratin-7 metabolismus MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidské chromozomy, pár 17 MeSH
- lidské chromozomy, pár 7 MeSH
- mnohočetné primární nádory diagnóza MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein VHL genetika MeSH
- nádory ledvin * diagnóza MeSH
- papilární karcinom * diagnóza MeSH
- racemasy a epimerasy metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- von Hippelova-Lindauova nemoc MeSH
- ztráta heterozygozity MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Current diagnostic techniques are inefficient in distinguishing latent and low-risk forms of prostate cancer from high-risk forms. The present study is focused on determination of putative tumor markers of aggressive high-grade forms of prostate cancer. Potential markers were determined in blood sera of 133 patients (82 cases and 51 controls) and in cell lines (Gleason score 9-derived 22Rv1 and normal tissue derived PNT1A) on mRNA and protein levels. Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), metallothionein classes 1A and 2A (MT1A and MT2A) were determined and compared to prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. On mRNA level, significantly increased expression of MT2A (2.4-fold), PSA (2.6-fold) and AMACR (8.4-fold) and insignificantly (1.9-fold) elevated MT1A in 22Rv1 compared to non-tumor PNT1A were determined. On protein level, significant enhancement of free PSA and total PSA in tumor cell line was evident. AMACR protein was 1.5-fold elevated in tumor line (below the level of significance). Contrary to mRNA, significantly (p = 0.01) reduced level of MT protein in tumor lines was determined. In the case of serum level, significantly enhanced MT level (4.5-fold) in patients' sera was found. No significant changes were observed in the case of AMACR. These findings indicate possible alternative role of MT to PSA prostate cancer marker. In addition, level of AMACR is distinctly higher in the Gleason score 9 in serum of patients and MT shows a descending trend in relation to Gleason score.
- MeSH
- adenokarcinom genetika metabolismus patologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika MeSH
- metalothionein genetika metabolismus MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery genetika metabolismus MeSH
- nádory prostaty genetika metabolismus patologie MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- prostatický specifický antigen genetika metabolismus MeSH
- racemasy a epimerasy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- stupeň nádoru MeSH
- western blotting MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Proteins of glutamatergic NMDA receptor signaling pathways have been studied as targets for intervention in a variety of neuropathological conditions, including neurodegenerations, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, drug addiction, and schizophrenia. High activity NMDA-blocking agents have been designed to treat some of these disorders; however, their effect is often compromised by undesirable side effects. Therefore, alternative ways of modulating NMDA receptor function need to be sought after. The opening of the NMDA receptor ion channel requires occupation of two distinct binding sites, the glutamate site and the glycine site. It has been shown that D-serine, rather than glycine, can trigger the physiological NMDA receptor function. D-serine is a product of the activity of a specific enzyme, serine racemase (SR), which was identified a decade ago. SR has therefore emerged as a new potential target for the NMDA-receptor-based diseases. There is evidence linking increased levels of D-Ser to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease and decreased concentrations of D-serine to schizophrenia. SR is a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate dependent enzyme found in the cytosol of glial and neuronal cells. It is activated by ATP, divalent cations like Mg(2+) or Ca(2+), and reducing agents. This paper reviews the present literature on the activity and inhibition of mammalian SRs. It summarizes approaches that have been applied to design SR inhibitors and lists the known active compounds. Based on biochemical and docking analyses, i) we delineate for the first time the ATP binding site of human SR, and ii) we suggest possible mechanisms of action for the active compounds. In the end, we discuss the SR features that make the discovery of its inhibitors a challenging, yet very important, task of medicinal chemistry.
- MeSH
- adenosintrifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- inhibitory enzymů farmakologie MeSH
- lékové transportní systémy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci nervového systému farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- racemasy a epimerasy antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- racionální návrh léčiv MeSH
- receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- serin metabolismus MeSH
- vazebná místa MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- alkaloidy izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- aminokyseliny cyklické izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- aminokyseliny farmakologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- antibakteriální látky izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Bacteria MeSH
- farmakologické účinky MeSH
- houby MeSH
- isomerasy aminokyselin farmakologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny karboxylové farmakologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- peptidy farmakologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- rostliny MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The major advantages of urine-based assays are their noninvasive character and ability to monitor prostate cancer with heterogeneous foci. Almost all urine-detectable prostate-specific markers have been recently reviewed. For this reason, we focus here on only a few promising markers which have been independently evaluated (in particular PCA3, fusion genes, TERT, AMACR, GSTP1, MMP9 and VEGF) and very recent ones (ANXA3 and sarcosine). The emphasis is also on multiplex biomarker analysis and on microarray-based analysis of fusion genes. A combination of multiple urine biomarkers may be valuable in the case of men with persistently elevated serum prostate-specific antigen and a history of negative biopsies. The emerging urine tests should help in both early diagnosis of prostate cancer and identifying aggressive tumors for radical treatment.
- MeSH
- annexin A3 moč MeSH
- antigeny nádorové moč MeSH
- fúze genů MeSH
- fúzní onkogenní proteiny moč MeSH
- glutathion-S-transferasa fí moč MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matrixová metaloproteinasa 9 moč MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery moč MeSH
- nádory prostaty genetika moč MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- prostatický specifický antigen moč MeSH
- racemasy a epimerasy moč MeSH
- sarkosin moč MeSH
- srovnávací genomová hybridizace MeSH
- telomerasa moč MeSH
- vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A moč MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Human placental beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-I (EC 2.4.1.38) transfers the galactosyl moiety from UDP-Gal to various GlcNAc or Glc acceptors in vivo. Here, we describe the construction of its Y284L mutant as a His(6)propeptide-catbeta4GalT1 construct, in which the Gal-transferase activity was totally abolished in favor of its GalNAc-transferase activity. We used this mutant in the synthesis of three mono- and bivalent LacdiNAc glycomimetics with good yields. These compounds proved to be powerful ligands of two activation receptors of natural killer cells, NKR-P1 and CD69. A synthetic bivalent tethered di-LacdiNAc is the best currently known precipitation agent for both of these receptors and has promising potential for the development of immunoactive glycodrugs.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- Campylobacter jejuni enzymologie MeSH
- CD antigeny metabolismus MeSH
- diferenciační antigeny T-lymfocytů metabolismus MeSH
- epimerázy sacharidů metabolismus MeSH
- galaktosyltransferasy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- glykokonjugáty biosyntéza chemická syntéza metabolismus MeSH
- laktosa analogy a deriváty biosyntéza chemická syntéza metabolismus MeSH
- lektinové receptory NK-buněk - podrodina B metabolismus MeSH
- lektiny typu C MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- placenta enzymologie MeSH
- substrátová specifita MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- odvolaná publikace MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
