Serózní tubární intraepiteliální karcinom (STIC) je považován za prekurzor high grade serózního karcinomu pánve (HGSC), který zahrnuje karcinomy ovaria, tuby a peritonea. STIC je brzkou morfologicky rozpoznatelnou lézí v patogenezi HGSC a je nalézán převážně v distální části vejcovodu. I přes velký pokrok v objasnění patogeneze ovariálních karcinomů a zavedení nových patologických postupů při diagnostice prekurzorových lézí HGSC zůstává na tomto poli mnoho nezodpovězených otázek.

Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) is considered as a precursor of high-grade serous carcinoma of the pelvis (HGSC), which includes ovarian, tubal and peritoneal carcinomas. STIC is an early morphologically recognizable lesion in the pathogenesis of HGSC and is found predominantly in the distal part of the fallopian tube. Despite a great progress in elucidating the pathogenesis of ovarian carcinomas and the introduction of new pathological procedures for the diagnosis of precursor lesions of HGSC, there remain many unanswered questions.

• MeSH
• adjuvantní chemoterapie metody   MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru metody   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• gynekologické chirurgické výkony metody   MeSH
• karcinom in situ diagnóza   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory cystické, mucinózní a serózní chirurgie   diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• nádory vaječníků diagnóza   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• nádory vejcovodů * diagnóza   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Karcinom děložního čípku je jednou z nejčastějších malignit zjištěných v průběhu těhotenství. Většina případů je zjištěna v časném stadiu onemocnění. Časná diagnostika se opírá o screeningové vyšetření v I. trimestru těhotenství. Vzhledem k těhotenským změnám na děložním hrdle jsou nálezy obtížně hodnotitelné, s tendencí k falešné pozitivitě. Péče o pacientku a plod by měla být v rukách multidisciplinárního týmu s individualizovanou léčbou a s respektováním přání pacientky. Placenta accreta je nejčastějším typem abnormálně invazivní placenty (AIP). Ultrazvukové vyšetření má své nezastupitelné místo zejména v časné diagnostice abnormální invaze trofoblastu. Mezi hlavní rizikové faktory abnormální nidace patří císařský řez v anamnéze (nebo jiné předchozí operace na děloze, kyretáž) a vyšší věk matky.

Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is the most frequent malignant disease diagnosed in pregnant women. Most cases are early carcinomas due to cervical screening methods (PAPP smear, HPV DNA testation and colposcopy). However sometimes the results of the examination are unclear due to the physiological pregnancy associated changes of the cervical epithelium (squamous of the vaginal portion and columnar of the cervical canal). Cervical cancer complicating pregnancy is a specific clinical situation, that requires individual approach, multidisciplinary experienced team of specialists in gynaecological oncology and in obstetrics, respecting the opinion of the pregnant woman. Placenta accreta represents the most frequent type of abnormally adherent placenta, where placental villi are attached to the myometrium. Placenta accreta may be ultrasonically diagnosed antepartum. The main etiological factors are previous caesarean section scar (or other previous uterine incisions, uterine curettage) and older age of pregnant women.

• MeSH
• adenokarcinom diagnóza   patologie   terapie   MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru MeSH
• císařský řez škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• gynekologické chirurgické výkony MeSH
• komplikace porodu etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidské papilomaviry MeSH
• nádorové komplikace v těhotenství diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• nádory děložního čípku * diagnóza   patologie   prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• placenta accreta chirurgie   MeSH
• poporodní krvácení chirurgie   diagnóza   MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové léčby MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru metody   MeSH
• cílená molekulární terapie klasifikace   metody   MeSH
• farmakoterapie klasifikace   metody   MeSH
• lékařská onkologie klasifikace   MeSH
• nádory * diagnóza   etiologie   farmakoterapie   klasifikace   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• radioterapie klasifikace   metody   MeSH
• staging nádorů metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Analysis of cell-free DNA methylation (cfDNAme), alone or combined with CA125, could help to detect ovarian cancers earlier and may reduce mortality. We assessed cfDNAme in regions of ZNF154, C2CD4D and WNT6 via targeted bisulfite sequencing in diagnostic and early detection (preceding diagnosis) settings. Diagnostic samples were obtained via prospective blood collection in cell-free DNA tubes in a convenience series of patients with a pelvic mass. Early detection samples were matched case-control samples derived from the UK Familial Ovarian Cancer Screening Study (UKFOCSS). In the diagnostic set (ncases = 27, ncontrols = 41), the specificity of cfDNAme was 97.6% (95% CI: 87.1%-99.9%). High-risk cancers were detected with a sensitivity of 80% (56.3%-94.3%). Combination of cfDNAme and CA125 resulted in a sensitivity of 94.4% (72.7%-99.9%) for high-risk cancers. Despite technical issues in the early detection set (ncases = 29, ncontrols = 29), the specificity of cfDNAme was 100% (88.1%-100.0%). We detected 27.3% (6.0%-61.0%) of high-risk cases with relatively lower genomic DNA (gDNA) contamination. The sensitivity rose to 33.3% (7.5%-70.1%) in samples taken <1 year before diagnosis. We detected ovarian cancer in several patients up to 1 year before diagnosis despite technical limitations associated with archival samples (UKFOCSS). Combined cfDNAme and CA125 assessment may improve ovarian cancer screening in high-risk populations, but future large-scale prospective studies will be required to validate current findings.

• MeSH
• antigen CA-125 MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metylace DNA * MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery genetika   MeSH
• nádory vaječníků * diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• transkripční faktory Krüppel-like genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The substantial material and legislative investments in establishing and maintaining cytological screening in the Czech Republic represent barriers to a direct transition to primary HPV screening. Therefore, the LIBUSE project was implemented to test the efficacy of phasing in HPV DNA testing as a co-test to cytology in routine screening of women >30 years of age. METHODS: Women aged 30 to 60 years who underwent regular annual Pap smears were co-tested for HPV DNA with selective 16/18 genotyping at 3-year intervals. All HPV 16/18-positive cases and/or cases with a severe abnormality in cytology were sent for colposcopy; HPV non-16/18-positive cases and LSILs were graded using p16/Ki67 dual-stain cytology, and positive cases were sent for colposcopy. RESULTS: Overall, 2409 patients were included. After the first combined screening (year 'zero') visit, 7.4% of women were HPV-positive and 2.0% were HPV16/18-positive; only 8 women had severe Pap smear abnormalities. Triage by dual staining was positive in 21.9% of cases (28/128). Biopsy confirmed 34 high-grade precancer lesions. At the second combined visit (year 'three'), the frequency of HPV infection (5.3% vs. 7.4%) frequency of HPV16/18 (1.1% vs. 2.0%), referrals for colposcopy (35 vs. 83), and biopsy verified high-grade lesions (5 vs. 34) were significantly lower (all P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: The addition of HPV DNA testing with selective genotyping of HPV16/18 to existing cytology screening significantly increased the safety of the program. The gradual introduction of HPV testing was well received by healthcare professionals and patients, and can facilitate transformation of the cytology-based screening. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05578833.

• MeSH
• barvení a značení MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dysplazie děložního hrdla * diagnóza   MeSH
• infekce papilomavirem * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidský papilomavirus 16 genetika   MeSH
• lidský papilomavirus 18 genetika   MeSH
• nádory děložního čípku * MeSH
• Papanicolaouův test MeSH
• plošný screening MeSH
• třídění pacientů MeSH
• vaginální stěr MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní diagnostické zobrazování   diagnóza   etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• plošný screening MeSH
• screeningové diagnostické programy MeSH

Východiská: Včasná diagnostika zhubných nádorov je nevyhnutná pre ich účinnú liečbu. V súčasnosti sú zavedené skríningové testy špecifické pre jednotlivé typy zhubných nádorov, čo si vyžaduje testovanie pre každý typ zhubného nádoru zvlášť. Hlavným cieľom výskumu zhubných nádorov je vyvinúť metódy, ktoré dokážu odhaliť viacero typov malígnych nádorov z jednej vzorky telesnej tekutiny. Testy na včasnú detekciu viacerých typov zhubných nádorov sú zamerané na odhalenie fragmentov cirkulujúcej nádorovej DNA, voľnej DNA, cirkulujúcej mikroRNA alebo proteínov uvoľnených nádorovými bunkami v telesných tekutinách pacienta. Avšak kvôli vysokým nákladom nie sú tieto testy na prevenciu zhubných nádorov v bežnej zdravotnej starostlivosti vhodné. Preto sa v posledných rokoch venuje pozornosť skríningovým testom na zhubné nádory, ktoré detegujú prchavé organické zlúčeniny v moči onkologických pacientov. Na takéto testy sa často využívajú živé organizmy, napr. hlístovce Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans, ktorý meria iba 1 mm, má potenciál ponúknuť novú, účinnú, nákladovo efektívnu, rýchlu a bezbolestnú metódu na zisťovanie prítomnosti malígnych nádorov. Cieľ: Cieľom tohto článku je predložiť prehľad literatúry o vývoji a overovaní metód detekcie malígnych nádorov pomocou nematód C. elegans. Potenciálne benefity týchto testov sú významné, pretože by sa mohli stať cenným nástrojom pre skorú identifikáciu a diagnostiku zhubných nádorov, aj keď tento výskum je stále v počiatočných štádiách vývoja.

Background: Early diagnosis of cancer is essential for its effective treatment. Currently, established screening tests are cancer-specific and require screening for each type of cancer separately. The primary objective of cancer research is to develop methods that can detect multiple types of tumors from a single body fluid sample. Multicancer early detection tests aim to detect fragments of circulating tumor DNA, cell-free DNA, circulating microRNAs, or proteins released by cancer cells in the patient’s body fluids. However, these tests are not suitable for routine cancer prevention due to their high cost. Therefore, in recent years, cancer screening tests have been developed to detect volatile organic compounds in urine using living organisms, such as nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans. Measuring only 1 mm in length, C. elegans has the potential to offer a new, efficient, cost-effective, quick, and painless method to detect the presence of tumor. Purpose: The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the literature on the development and validation of C. elegans-based cancer detection methods. The potential benefits of these assays are significant, as they could become a valuable tool for the early identification and diagnosis of cancer, even though this research is still in its initial stages of development.

• MeSH
• Caenorhabditis elegans * cytologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * metody   MeSH
• chemotaxe MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory moč   MeSH
• neurony MeSH
• těkavé organické sloučeniny moč   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most common cancers worldwide. A considerable proportion of HCC is caused by cirrhosis related to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Due to the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome, it is estimated that MASH-related HCC will become the most prevalent etiology of HCC. Currently, HCC screening is based on liver ultrasonography; however, the sensitivity of ultrasonography for early HCC stages in obese patients only reaches 23 %. To date, no studied biomarker shows sufficient efficacy for screening purposes. Nevertheless, the usage of spectroscopic methods offers a new perspective, as its potential use would provide cheap, fast analysis of samples such as blood plasma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We employed a combination of conventional and chiroptical spectroscopic methods to study differences between the blood plasma of obese cirrhotic patients with and without HCC. We included 20 subjects with HCC and 17 without evidence of liver cancer, all of them with body mass index ≥ 30. RESULTS: Sensitivities and specificities reached values as follows: 0.780 and 0.905 for infrared spectroscopy, 0.700 and 0.767 for Raman spectroscopy, 0.840 and 0.743 for electronic circular dichroism, and 0.805 and 0.923 for Raman optical activity. The final combined classification model based on all spectroscopic methods reached a sensitivity of 0.810 and a specificity of 0.857, with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve among all models (0.961). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that this approach can be used effectively as a diagnostic tool in patients who are not examinable by liver ultrasonography. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04221347.

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hepatocelulární karcinom * krev   diagnóza   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• jaterní cirhóza krev   komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery krev   MeSH
• nádory jater * krev   diagnóza   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• obezita * komplikace   krev   MeSH
• prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
• Ramanova spektroskopie MeSH
• ROC křivka MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH

IMPORTANCE: Prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly integrated within the prostate cancer (PCa) early detection pathway. OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the existing evidence regarding screening pathways incorporating MRI with targeted biopsy and assess their diagnostic value compared with prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening with systematic biopsy strategies. DATA SOURCES: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane/Central, Scopus, and Web of Science (through May 2023). STUDY SELECTION: Randomized clinical trials and prospective cohort studies were eligible if they reported data on the diagnostic utility of prostate MRI in the setting of PCa screening. DATA EXTRACTION: Number of screened individuals, biopsy indications, biopsies performed, clinically significant PCa (csPCa) defined as International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade 2 or higher, and insignificant (ISUP1) PCas detected were extracted. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was csPCa detection rate. Secondary outcomes included clinical insignificant PCa detection rate, biopsy indication rates, and the positive predictive value for the detection of csPCa. DATA SYNTHESIS: The generalized mixed-effect approach with pooled odds ratios (ORs) and random-effect models was used to compare the MRI-based and PSA-only screening strategies. Separate analyses were performed based on the timing of MRI (primary/sequential after a PSA test) and cutoff (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System [PI-RADS] score ≥3 or ≥4) for biopsy indication. RESULTS: Data were synthesized from 80 114 men from 12 studies. Compared with standard PSA-based screening, the MRI pathway (sequential screening, PI-RADS score ≥3 cutoff for biopsy) was associated with higher odds of csPCa when tests results were positive (OR, 4.15; 95% CI, 2.93-5.88; P ≤ .001), decreased odds of biopsies (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.22-0.36; P ≤ .001), and insignificant cancers detected (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.23-0.49; P = .002) without significant differences in the detection of csPCa (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.75-1.37; P = .86). Implementing a PI-RADS score of 4 or greater threshold for biopsy selection was associated with a further reduction in the odds of detecting insignificant PCa (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.05-0.97; P = .048) and biopsies performed (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.09-0.38; P = .01) without differences in csPCa detection (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.49-1.45; P = .22). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that integrating MRI in PCa screening pathways is associated with a reduced number of unnecessary biopsies and overdiagnosis of insignificant PCa while maintaining csPCa detection as compared with PSA-only screening.

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * metody   MeSH
• nádory prostaty * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• prostatický specifický antigen krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Cervical cancer screening (CCS) is an important public health measure for early detection of cervical cancer and prevents a large proportion of cervical cancer deaths. However, participation in CCS is relatively low and varies substantially by country and socio-economic position. This study aimed to provide up-to-date participation rates and estimates on educational inequalities in CCS participation in 24 European countries with population-based CCS programmes. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Using data from the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) conducted in 2019, 80,479 women aged 25-64 years were included in the analyses. First, standardized participation rates and standardized participation rates by educational attainment were calculated for all 24 countries based on each country-specific screening programme organization. Second, a series of generalized logistic models was applied to assess the effect of education on CCS participation. RESULTS: Screening participation rates ranged from 34.1% among low-educated women in Romania to 97.1% among high-educated women in Finland. We observed that lower-educated women were less likely to attend CCS than their higher-educated counterparts. Largest educational gaps were found in Sweden (odds ratio [OR] = 6.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.89-10.35) and Poland (odds ratio = 5.80, 95% CI = 4.34-7.75). CONCLUSION: Population-based screening initiatives have successfully reduced participation differences between women with medium and high educational attainment in some countries; however, persistent disparities still exist between women with low and high levels of education. There is an urgent need to increase participation rates of CCS, especially among lower-educated women.

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• disparity zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory děložního čípku * diagnóza   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH