BACKGROUND: Advances in paediatric type 1 diabetes management and increased use of diabetes technology have led to improvements in glycaemia, reduced risk of severe hypoglycaemia, and improved quality of life. Since 1993, progressively lower HbA1c targets have been set. The aim of this study was to perform a longitudinal analysis of HbA1c, treatment regimens, and acute complications between 2013 and 2022 using data from eight national and one international paediatric diabetes registries. METHODS: In this longitudinal analysis, we obtained data from the Australasian Diabetes Data Network, Czech National Childhood Diabetes Register, Danish Registry of Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Diabetes Prospective Follow-up Registry, Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry, England and Wales' National Paediatric Diabetes Audit, Swedish Childhood Diabetes Registry, T1D Exchange Quality Improvement Collaborative, and the SWEET initiative. All children (aged ≤18 years) with type 1 diabetes with a duration of longer than 3 months were included. Investigators compared data from 2013 to 2022; analyses performed on data were pre-defined and conducted separately by each respective registry. Data on demographics, HbA1c, treatment regimen, and event rates of diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycaemia were collected. ANOVA was performed to compare means between registries and years. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to study significant breakpoints in temporal trends. FINDINGS: In 2022, data were available for 109 494 children from the national registries and 35 590 from SWEET. Between 2013 and 2022, the aggregated mean HbA1c decreased from 8·2% (95% CI 8·1-8·3%; 66·5 mmol/mol [65·2-67·7]) to 7·6% (7·5-7·7; 59·4mmol/mol [58·2-60·5]), and the proportion of participants who had achieved HbA1c targets of less than 7% (<53 mmol/mol) increased from 19·0% to 38·8% (p<0·0001). In 2013, the aggregate event rate of severe hypoglycaemia rate was 3·0 events per 100 person-years (95% CI 2·0-4·9) compared with 1·7 events per 100 person-years (1·0-2·7) in 2022. In 2013, the aggregate event rate of diabetic ketoacidosis was 3·1 events per 100 person-years (95% CI 2·0-4·8) compared with 2·2 events per 100 person-years (1·4-3·4) in 2022. The proportion of participants with insulin pump use increased from 42·9% (95% CI 40·4-45·5) in 2013 to 60·2% (95% CI 57·9-62·6) in 2022 (mean difference 17·3% [13·8-20·7]; p<0·0001), and the proportion of participants using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) increased from 18·7% (95% CI 9·5-28·0) in 2016 to 81·7% (73·0-90·4) in 2022 (mean difference 63·0% [50·3-75·7]; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION: Between 2013 and 2022, glycaemic outcomes have improved, parallel to increased use of diabetes technology. Many children had HbA1c higher than the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) 2022 target. Reassuringly, despite targeting lower HbA1c, severe hypoglycaemia event rates are decreasing. Even for children with type 1 diabetes who have access to specialised diabetes care and diabetes technology, further advances in diabetes management are required to assist with achieving ISPAD glycaemic targets. FUNDING: None. TRANSLATIONS: For the Norwegian, German, Czech, Danish and Swedish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 1. typu * epidemiologie krev farmakoterapie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- glykovaný hemoglobin * analýza MeSH
- hypoglykemie epidemiologie MeSH
- hypoglykemika * terapeutické užití MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- krevní glukóza * analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- registrace * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- regulace glykemie statistika a číselné údaje metody MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
INTRODUCTION: An error grid compares measured versus reference glucose concentrations to assign clinical risk values to observed errors. Widely used error grids for blood glucose monitors (BGMs) have limited value because they do not also reflect clinical accuracy of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs). METHODS: Diabetes Technology Society (DTS) convened 89 international experts in glucose monitoring to (1) smooth the borders of the Surveillance Error Grid (SEG) zones and create a user-friendly tool-the DTS Error Grid; (2) define five risk zones of clinical point accuracy (A-E) to be identical for BGMs and CGMs; (3) determine a relationship between DTS Error Grid percent in Zone A and mean absolute relative difference (MARD) from analyzing 22 BGM and nine CGM accuracy studies; and (4) create trend risk categories (1-5) for CGM trend accuracy. RESULTS: The DTS Error Grid for point accuracy contains five risk zones (A-E) with straight-line borders that can be applied to both BGM and CGM accuracy data. In a data set combining point accuracy data from 18 BGMs, 2.6% of total data pairs equally moved from Zones A to B and vice versa (SEG compared with DTS Error Grid). For every 1% increase in percent data in Zone A, the MARD decreased by approximately 0.33%. We also created a DTS Trend Accuracy Matrix with five trend risk categories (1-5) for CGM-reported trend indicators compared with reference trends calculated from reference glucose. CONCLUSION: The DTS Error Grid combines contemporary clinician input regarding clinical point accuracy for BGMs and CGMs. The DTS Trend Accuracy Matrix assesses accuracy of CGM trend indicators.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus * krev diagnóza MeSH
- krevní glukóza * analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- selfmonitoring glykemie * přístrojové vybavení normy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- analýza dat MeSH
- diabetes mellitus terapie MeSH
- krevní glukóza * analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- regulace glykemie MeSH
- selfmonitoring glykemie metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus diagnóza terapie MeSH
- glykovaný hemoglobin analýza MeSH
- kontinuální monitorování glukózy MeSH
- krevní glukóza * analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- komentáře MeSH
- souhrny MeSH
Prevalence diabetes mellitus 1. typu u dětí stoupá a diagnostikuje se stále v mladším věku. Jednou z velmi důležitých součástí léčby diabetu je selfmonitoring, který prošel dlouhým, ale zato efektivním vývojem, od domácího měření hodnot glykemie pomocí osobního glukometru, až po glykemické senzory. Hlavním cílem je předejít komplikacím, současně však i pomoci dětem vést plnohodnotný život bez vyřazení z kolektivu svých vrstevníků.
The prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children is increasing and is being diagnosed at an increasingly younger age. One of the very important components of diabetes treatment is self-monitoring, which has undergone a long but effective development, from home measurement of blood glucose values using a personal glucometer to blood glucose sensors. The main goal is to prevent complications, but at the same time to help children lead a fulfilling life without being excluded from the group of their peers.
- Klíčová slova
- Freestyle Libre, Dexcom,
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 1. typu * diagnóza krev prevence a kontrola MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- glykosurie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- ketóza prevence a kontrola MeSH
- komplikace diabetu prevence a kontrola MeSH
- kontinuální monitorování glukózy klasifikace metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- krevní glukóza analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- selfmonitoring glykemie * klasifikace metody přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
AIMS: We investigated whether a short period of tightly controlled low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) leads to higher time in range without increasing the associated risks in children and young people with diabetes (CYPwD). METHODS: Thirty-five (CYPwD) were recruited into this randomized controlled cross-over study (20 female; 20 CSII; age 14.5 ± 2.9 years; HbA1c 48.9 ± 9.4 mmol/mol). The interventions were five and five weeks of ready-made food box deliveries of isocaloric diets in random order: either LCD (94.5 ± 4.7 g/day) or recommended carbohydrate diet (RCD) (191 ± 19.2 g/day). The outcomes were continuous glucose monitoring parameters, anthropometric, laboratory and quality of life (QoL) data. RESULTS: Time in range was significantly higher in the LCD than in the RCD period (77.1 % vs. 73.8 %, P=0.008). Times in hyperglycemia and average glycaemia were significantly lower in the LCD. There was no difference between the diets in time in hypoglycemia or glycemic variability. The subjects' body weight and BMI were significantly lower during the LCD. There was no significant difference in the LDL-cholesterol levels. No significant differences were observed in the self-assessed QoL. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term LCD led to an improvement of glycemic parameters without increasing time in hypoglycemia, disturbing the lipid profile or negatively affecting the quality of life of CYPwD.
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 1. typu * dietoterapie krev MeSH
- dieta s omezením sacharidů * metody MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- glykovaný hemoglobin metabolismus analýza MeSH
- klinické křížové studie * MeSH
- krevní glukóza metabolismus analýza MeSH
- kvalita života MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Cíl: Cílem byla analýza individuálních změn koncentrace glukózy před zahájením ketogenní diety (KD) a během prvních 5 dnů jejího užívání u jednotlivých nediabetických dětí s farmakorezistentní epilepsií. Soubor a metodika: 10 dětských pacientů s farmakorezistentní epilepsií se zahájením KD podle non-fasting protokolu KD s ketogenním poměrem (KP), který se postupně den po dni zvyšoval z 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1 ke 3,5 : 1. Kontinuální monitorace glykemie (continuous glucose monitoring; CGM) probíhala 36 h před zahájením a poté v průběhu 5 dnů během zvyšujících se KP. Výsledky: Odhady střední hodnoty glykemie pro jednotlivé dietní poměry se pohybovaly od 6,03 (interval spolehlivosti [confidence interval; CI] 95 %: 5,92–6,14) mmol/l při obvyklé stravě po 2,56 (CI 95%: 2,46–2,66) mmol/l při KD v KP 3,5 : 1 v rámci všech měřených hodnot a od 4,91 (CI 95%: 4,75–5,06) mmol/l při běžné stravě po 1,85 (CI 95%: 1,53–2,17) mmol/l při KD v KP 3,5 : 1 v rámci hodnot měřených nalačno v období mezi 5:00 a 6:00 ráno. CGM zachytila hypoglykemii v průběhu zahájení KD u devíti pacientů. Závěr: Analýza dat jednotlivých pacientů ukázala trend postupně se snižující glykemie s narůstající hodnotou KP. Tento trend se zdá být silnější pro všechna získaná data v porovnání s glykemiemi nalačno (období 05:00–06:00). U většiny pacientů byly během iniciace diety zachyceny epizody asymptomatické hypoglykemie.
Aim: The aim was to analyze individual changes in glucose concentration before starting the ketogenic diet (KD) and during the first 5 days of its use in individual non-diabetic children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Subjects and methodology: Ten pediatric patients with pharmaco-resistant epilepsy started on KD according to a non-fasting KD protocol with a ketogenic ratio (KR) that gradually increased day by day from 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1 to 3.5 : 1. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed 36 h before initiation and then over 5 days during increasing KR. Results: Mean glycemic control estimates for each dietary ratio ranged from 6.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.92–6.14) mmol/l on a normal diet to 2.56 (CI 95%: 2.46–2.66) mmol/l on 3.5 : 1 KR within all measured values and from 4.91 (CI 95%: 4.75–5.06) mmol/l on a normal diet to 1.85 (CI 95%: 1.53–2.17) mmol/l on 3.5 : 1 KR within fasting values measured between 5:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. CGM showed hypoglycemic events during KD initiation in 9 patients. Conclusion: Analysis of individual patient data showed a trend of gradually decreasing glycemia with increasing KR. This trend seems to be stronger for all data obtained compared to those during fasting (period 5.00–6.00 am). In most patients, episodes of asymptomatic hypoglycemia were captured during diet initiation.
OBJECTIVE: Glycemia management in critical care is posing a challenge in frequent measuring and adequate insulin dose adjustment. In recent years, continuous glucose measurement has gained accuracy and reliability in outpatient and inpatient settings. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and accuracy of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in ICU patients after major abdominal surgery. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We included patients undergoing pancreatic surgery and solid organ transplantation (liver, pancreas, islets of Langerhans, kidney) requiring an ICU stay after surgery. We used a Dexcom G6 sensor, placed in the infraclavicular region, for real-time CGM. Arterial blood glucose measured by the amperometric principle (ABL 800; Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark) served as a reference value and for calibration. Blood glucose was also routinely monitored by a StatStrip bedside glucose meter. Sensor accuracy was assessed by mean absolute relative difference (MARD), bias, modified Bland-Altman plot, and surveillance error grid for paired samples of glucose values from CGM and acid-base analyzer (ABL). RESULTS: We analyzed data from 61 patients and obtained 1,546 paired glucose values from CGM and ABL. Active sensor use was 95.1%. MARD was 9.4%, relative bias was 1.4%, and 92.8% of values fell in zone A, 6.1% fell in zone B, and 1.2% fell in zone C of the surveillance error grid. Median time in range was 78%, with minimum (<1%) time spent in hypoglycemia. StatStrip glucose meter MARD compared with ABL was 5.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows clinically applicable accuracy and reliability of Dexcom G6 CGM in postoperative ICU patients and a feasible alternative sensor placement site.
- MeSH
- břicho chirurgie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kontinuální monitorování glukózy MeSH
- krevní glukóza * analýza MeSH
- kritický stav * MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování fyziologických funkcí metody MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- studie proveditelnosti MeSH
- transplantace orgánů MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
