Diversity in children's everyday olfactory environment may affect the development of their olfactory abilities and odor awareness. To test this, we collected data on olfactory abilities using the Sniffin' Sticks and odor awareness with Children's Olfactory Behaviors in Everyday Life Questionnaire in 153 preschool children and retested them one and a half year later. Parents completed an inventory on children's exposure to a variety of odors and on their own odor awareness using the Odor Awareness Scale. We controlled for the effects of age and verbal fluency on the children's performance. We found that the children's odor identification and discrimination scores differed as a function of parental odor awareness. Although these effects were rather small, they were commensurate in size with those of gender and age. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to present evidence that diversity in children's olfactory environment affects variation in their olfactory abilities and odor awareness. We suggest that future studies consider the long-term impact of perceptual learning out of the laboratory and its consequences for olfactory development.

Department of Anthropology Faculty of Humanities Charles University U Kříže 8 158 00 Prague 5 Jinonice Czech Republic National Institute of Mental Health Topolová 748 250 67 Klecany Czech Republic

National Institute of Mental Health Topolová 748 250 67 Klecany Czech Republic Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 7 128 44 Prague 2 Czech Republic

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