Olfactory sensitivity to odorant molecules is a complex biological function influenced by both endogenous factors, such as genetic background and physiological state, and exogenous factors, such as environmental conditions. In animals, this vital ability is mediated by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which are distributed across several specialized olfactory subsystems depending on the species. Using the phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) in OSNs following sensory stimulation, we developed an ex vivo assay allowing the simultaneous conditioning and odorant stimulation of different mouse olfactory subsystems, including the main olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal organ, and the Grueneberg ganglion. This approach enabled us to observe odorant-induced neuronal activity within the different olfactory subsystems and to demonstrate the impact of environmental conditioning, such as temperature variations, on olfactory sensitivity, specifically in the Grueneberg ganglion. We further applied our rpS6-based assay to the human olfactory system and demonstrated its feasibility. Our findings show that analyzing rpS6 signal intensity is a robust and highly reproducible indicator of neuronal activity across various olfactory systems, while avoiding stress and some experimental limitations associated with in vivo exposure. The potential extension of this assay to other conditioning paradigms and olfactory systems, as well as its application to other animal species, including human olfactory diagnostics, is also discussed.
- MeSH
- čich fyziologie MeSH
- čichová sliznice metabolismus MeSH
- čichové buňky * metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- fosforylace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši MeSH
- odoranty analýza MeSH
- ribozomální protein S6 * metabolismus MeSH
- vomeronazální orgán metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Úvod: Recentně narůstá klinický význam hodnocení čichových evokovaných potenciálů – olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) a trigeminálních evokovaných potenciálů – trigeminal event-related potentials (TERPs) v diagnostice poruch čichu. Výhodou objektivní metody je, že OERPs jsou méně zkreslené než rutinně užívané psychofyzikální čichové testy. Klinický olfaktometr dává přesně definované čichové podněty potřebné k vyvolání OERPs a TERPs. Princip metody je založen na prezentaci odorantu pomocí speciálního zařízení v nosní dutině pacienta a registraci odpovědi mozku pomocí elektroencefalografie (EEG) na čichové a trigeminální podněty. U OERPs a TERPs hodnotíme latence a amplitudy jednotlivých peaků a intervalu N1–P2. Absence OERPs je silným prediktorem přítomnosti čichové dysfunkce. Cíl této studie: Podat první informaci o této v České republice unikátní metodě, demonstrovat OERPs a TERPs křivky u jednotlivých onemocnění spojených s poruchou čichu. Tyto výsledky budou dobrým základem pro další výzkumné projekty v oblasti poruch čichu. Metoda a materiál: V období 3/2021–6/2024 bylo do prospektivní studie zařazeno 187 subjektů (99 žen a 88 mužů). Pro měření jsme použili klinický olfaktometr OL 024 Burghart a 8kanálový EEG systém OL 026 Burghart. Výsledky: Předkládáme příkladové křivky OERPs a TERPs z jednolivých skupin zařazených subjektů: 1. skupina zařazených normosmických subjektů jsou zdraví participanti, subjekty s deviací nosního septa; 2. skupinu tvoří subjekty s chronickou rinosinusitidou s nosní polypózou; 3. skupina zahrnuje subjekty po prodělání covidu-19; 4. skupina zařazených jsou subjekty s neurodegenerativním onemocněním, s Parkinsonovou chorobou, s roztroušenou sklerózou; 5. skupina zahrnuje subjekty s tumory vedlejších nosních dutin, olfaktorní oblasti, hypofýzy; 6. skupina je tvořena subjekty s poruchou čichu, které byly indikovány k vyšetření z mediko-legálních důvodů; 7. skupinou jsou zařazené subjekty s poúrazovou ztráta čichu. Závěr: Jsou demonstrovány příkladové křivky OERPs a TERPs. Získaná data mohou být velmi dobře aplikována v budoucnu jako vnitřní vodítko pro naše další probíhající výzkumné studie čichu. Absence čichových evokovaných potenciálů je silným prediktorem přítomnosti čichové dysfunkce. Objektivní olfaktometrie se jeví jako metoda s narůstajícím potenciálem, a to hlavně u osob, které obtížně zvládají běžně dostupné psychofyzické testování čichu, u pacientů s neurodegenerativním onemocněním, a v oblasti lékařsko-pracovně-právní.
Introduction: The clinical importance of olfactory evoked potentials (OERPs) and trigeminal evoked potentials (TERPs) in the diagnosis of olfactory disorders has recently increased. The advantage of the objective method is that OERPs are less biased than routinely used psychophysical olfactory tests. The clinical olfactometer gives precisely defined olfactory stimuli needed to elicit OERPs and TERPs. The principle of the method is based on the presentation of an odorant by a special device in the patient‘s nasal cavity and the registration of the brain response by electroencephalography (EEG) to the olfactory and trigeminal stimuli. For OERPs and TERPs, we evaluate the latencies and amplitudes of individual peaks and the N1–P2 interval. The absence of OERPs is a strong predictor of the presence of olfactory dysfunction. Aim of this study: These data will be a good basis for further research projects in the field of olfactory disorders. Materials and methods: Between 3/2021 and 6/2024, 187 subjects (99 females and 88 males) were enrolled in a prospective study. A clinical olfactometer OL 024 Burghart and an 8-channel EEG system OL 026 Burghart were used for measurements. Results: We present sample OERPs and TERPs curves from single groups of enrolled subjects. The 1st group of normosmic subjects – healthy participants, subjects with a deviation of the nasal septum. The 2nd group consists of subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. The 3rd group includes subjects after undergoing COVID-19. The 4th group of enrolees are subjects with neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson‘s disease, and multiple sclerosis. The 5th group includes subjects with tumors of the paranasal sinuses, olfactory region, and pituitary gland. The 6th group consists of subjects with olfactory disorders who were indicated for examination for medico-legal reasons. The 7th group consists of subjects with post-traumatic loss of smell. Conclusion: Sample OERPs and TERPs curves are demonstrated. The data obtained may very well be applied in the future as an internal guide for our other ongoing olfaction research studies. The absence of olfactory evoked potentials is a robust predictor of the presence of olfactory dysfunction. Objective olfactometry appears to be a method with increasing potential, especially in persons who have difficulty with commonly available psychophysical testing of the sense of smell, in patients with neurodegenerative disease, and in the medicolegal field.
- Klíčová slova
- čichové evokované potenciály, trigeminální evokované potenciály,
- MeSH
- evokované potenciály * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odoranty MeSH
- olfaktometrie * metody MeSH
- poruchy čichu diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- somatosenzorické evokované potenciály MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Research shows that male body odor plays an important role in women's mate choice and that olfactory abilities are associated with women's sexual functioning. What remains unclear is what types of partner's odor actually shape women's experience during intimate activities. This study therefore explored women's experience associated with the partner's various odors and investigated how they affect women's intimate and sexual encounters. We performed semi-structured individual interviews with 20 single women and 20 women in a long-term relationship. Thematic analysis revealed four key natural odor types of the partner: body odor, sweat, genital odor, and semen odor. Further, we have identified three main types of fragrance odor (cologne, shower gel, and laundry agents) and investigated their perception in both intimate (hugging, kissing, cuddling, lying side by side) and sexual (intercourse, oral sex, ejaculation) contexts. Both partner's natural odor and fragrance affected women's emotional state (ranging from pleasant to unpleasant) and behavioral response (ranging from approach to avoidance of partner). Women's odor perception was frequently context-dependent, so that even mostly negatively perceived odors (e.g., semen, genital odor) were often accepted as part of sexual encounter. Finally, women's perception was negatively modified by partner's specific sweat (after workday, workout, or when the partner is ill) during intimate encounters. Our results highlight the complexity and interindividual variability of partner's odor perception.
- MeSH
- čich fyziologie MeSH
- čichová percepce fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- interpersonální vztahy MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- odoranty * MeSH
- pot MeSH
- sexuální chování * psychologie MeSH
- sexuální partneři * psychologie MeSH
- sperma MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Olfactory and cognitive performance share neural correlates profoundly affected by physiological aging. However, whether odor identification and discrimination scores predict global cognitive status and executive function in healthy older people with intact cognition is unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we set out to elucidate these links in a convenience sample of 204 independently living, cognitively intact healthy Czech adults aged 77.4 ± 8.7 (61-97 years) over two waves of data collection (one-year interval). We used the Czech versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to evaluate global cognition, and the Prague Stroop Test (PST), Trail Making Test (TMT), and several verbal fluency (VF) tests to assess executive function. As a subsidiary aim, we aimed to examine the contribution of olfactory performance towards achieving a MoCA score above vs. below the published cut-off value. We found that the MoCA scores exhibited moderate associations with both odor identification and discrimination. Furthermore, odor identification significantly predicted PST C and C/D scores. Odor discrimination significantly predicted PST C/D, TMT B/A, and standardized composite VF scores. Our findings demonstrate that olfaction, on the one hand, and global cognition and executive function, on the other, are related even in healthy older people.
- MeSH
- čich fyziologie MeSH
- čichová percepce fyziologie MeSH
- diskriminace (psychologie) * fyziologie MeSH
- exekutivní funkce * fyziologie MeSH
- kognice * fyziologie MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce patofyziologie diagnóza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- odoranty * MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stárnutí * fyziologie MeSH
- testy pro posouzení mentálních funkcí a demence MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Puberty tends to be viewed as a "turning point" in hedonic perception of body odor (BO)-related smells. The pubertal stage, a potential proxy for the underlying physiological changes, may contribute to variation in odor hedonic perception. Other potential modulators of odor hedonics are general semantic knowledge about odors (which also tends to be subsumed under the term "age") and perceived odor intensity. The present cross-sectional study examined differences in hedonic odor perception across puberty in 205 Czech children aged 11-14 (89 boys). We investigated whether children differ in the hedonic appraisal of BO-related (16-androstenes and castoreum control), but also food and non-food odors according to their pubertal (penis/breast and pubic hair) development and general semantic knowledge about odors (operationalized as odor identification), controlling for age and perceived odor intensity. As a subsidiary aim, we examined variation in odor identification. We asked the children to self-stage themselves using drawings depicting Tanner's penis/breast and pubic hair stages of pubertal development, estimated their general semantic knowledge about odors with a Sniffin' Sticks identification test, and obtained their pleasantness and intensity ratings of body odor-related, food, a non-food smells. We found that the participants' ratings of the 16-androstenes and those of the perceptually similar odor of castoreum differed according to perceived intensity and, in the latter case, in boys vs. girls as well, but there were no influences of pubertal status or odor identification on the perceived pleasantness. Similarly, hedonic appraisal of non-food (but not food) odors was only influenced by perceived intensity. Regarding odor identification, differences between boys and girls were limited to younger children and did not become more marked throughout puberty. Perceived pleasantness of odors, irrespective of whether they are associated with body smells, food, or other, does not appear to vary across puberty, and boys and girls seem to achieve similar levels of semantic odor knowledge as they grow up.
- MeSH
- čich * fyziologie MeSH
- čichová percepce fyziologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- odoranty * MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- puberta * fyziologie psychologie MeSH
- radost fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Cieľ: Cieľom práce je zistiť u koľkých pacientov s pretrvávajúcou poruchou čuchu, prípadne súčasne aj chuti, ktoré sú podmienené infekciou covid-19, sa dá subjektívne vnímanie čuchu a chuti zlepšiť metódou čuchového tréningu. Metodika: Pacienti, ktorí prekonali infekciu covid-19 (prvá a druhá vlna pandémie v rokoch 2020 a 2021) s poruchu čuchu (hyposmia, anosmia, parosmia, fantosmia) s alebo bez poruchy chuti, a pričom porucha čuchu sa neupravila do jedného mesiaca od vyliečenia, sa prihlásili na webovej stránke www.cuch.sk a požiadali o zaslanie testovacieho setu parfémovaných fixov. Po obdržaní setu sa vyšetrili v domácom prostredí, vyplnili on-line dotazník a zaslali elektronicky na Neurobiologický ústav BMC SAV. U pacientov s potvrdenou hyposmiou a anosmiou nasledovalo ORL vyšetrenie na zmluvných ORL pracoviskách v SR. 117 zaradených pacientov absolvovalo čuchový tréning, 2× denne podľa návodu. Kontrolné vyšetrenie čuchu sa robilo po 3 a 6 mesiacoch tréningu. Stav čuchu a chuti sme hodnotili vstupne aj výstupne podľa vizuálnej analógovej škály (VAS) od 1 do 10. Vstupný stav čuchu dosiahol v priemere 4 podľa VAS, vstupný stav chuti v priemere 2 podľa VAS. Parosmiu malo pri vstupe 28 pacientov, fantosmiu 18, dysgeuziu 20. Výsledky: Zlepšenie čuchu na VAS po čuchovom tréningu sme zaznamenali u 96 pacientov, čo je 73 % zo súboru 117 pacientov s hyposmiou a anosmiou. Výstupný stav čuchu dosiahol po 6 mesiadoch čuchového tréningu úroveň 8 podľa VAS. Zlepšenie chuti sme zaznamenali u 47 čo je 65 % zo súboru 72 pacientov s hypogeuziou a dysgeuziou. Výstupný stav chuti dosiahol po 6 mesiacoch čuchového tréningu úroveň 4 podľa VAS. Pretrvávanie rôznej formy dysgeuzie, parosmie či fantosmie po liečbe bolo u 18 pacientov. Záver: Čuchový (olfaktórny) tréning je v súčasnosti najdôležitejšia rehabilitačná pomôcka pre zlepšenie narušenej čuchovej funkcie po prekonanej infekcii covid-19. Lepšie subjektívne výsledky po 6-mesačnom čuchovom tréningu sa pozorovali pri reštitúcii kvantitatívnej poruchy čuchu, než pri reštitúcii kvantitatívnej poruchy chuti.
Objective: The aim of this study is to find out how many patients with an ongoing smell and taste disorder after COVID-19 infection, can improve the subjective perception of smell by olfactory training method. Methods: Patients after COVID-19 (first and second wave of the pandemic in 2020 and 2021) with persisting smell disorder (hyposmia, anosmia, parosmia, fantosmia) with or without taste disorder and while the olfactory disorder did not improve within one month afterrecovery, signed up on the website www.cuch.sk and asked for a testing set (perfumed felt-tip pens) to be sent. After a self-examination at home, each respondent filled out an on-line questionnaire and sent it to the Neurobiological Institute of the BMC SAV. Patient with confirmed hypo and anosmia underwent an ENT examination at contracted ENT workplaces in Slovakia. All the 117 patients included got through the olfactory training, twice a day, following the instructions. The control examination was performed after three and six months of smell training. Smell and taste status was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) from 1 to 10 in admission and discharge of the study. According to VAS, the average entering olfactory status was 4 and the average taste status reached an average of 2. At admission, 28 patients entering the study suff ered from parosmia, 18 from phantosmia, and 20 from dysgeusia. Results: After the olfactory training, improvement of smell capability was observed in 96 patients, which is 73% from the whole group of patiets (117) with hyposmia and anosmia. The discharge olfactory score after 6 months of olfactory training reached grade 8 according to VAS. Improvement of taste capability was observed in 47 patients, which is 65% from the whole group of patients (72) with hypogeusia and dysgeusia. The discharge taste score after six months of olfacory training reached grade 4 according to VAS. However, various forms of dysgeusia, parosmia, or phantosmia persisted after the olfactory training in 18 patients. Conclusion: Smell (olfactory) training is currently considered the most eff ective rehabilitation method for improving impaired olfactory function after COVID-19 infection. Better subjective results were observed in the restitution of quantitative smell disorder than in quantitative taste disorder.
- MeSH
- čich MeSH
- čichový trénink MeSH
- COVID-19 * komplikace MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obnova funkce MeSH
- odoranty MeSH
- poruchy čichu * etiologie rehabilitace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Olfactory preference emerges very early in life, and the sense of smell in children rapidly develops until the second decade of life. It is still unclear whether hedonic perception of odors is shared in children inhabiting different regions of the globe. METHODS: Five-hundred ten healthy children (N = 510; ngirls = 256; nboys = 254) aged from 5 to 8 years from 18 countries rated the pleasantness of 17 odors. RESULTS: The hedonic perception of odors in children aged between 5 and 8 years was rather consistent across 18 countries and mainly driven by the qualities of an odor and the overall ability of children to label odorants. CONCLUSION: Conclusions from this study, being a secondary analysis, are limited to the presented set of odors that were initially selected for the development of U-Sniff test and present null findings for the cross-cultural variability in hedonic perception of odors across 18 countries. These two major issues should be addressed in the future to either contradict or replicate the results presented herewith. This research lays fundament for posing further research questions about the developmental aspects of hedonic perception of odors and opens a new door for investigating cross-cultural differences in chemosensory perception of children.
- MeSH
- čich * MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- emoce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odoranty * MeSH
- percepce MeSH
- předběžné údaje MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
People living on both sides of the German-Czech border are subject to episodes of odor air pollution. A joint German-Czech air sampling and risk assessment project was established to identify the substances responsible and their sources. Twenty-four volunteer study participants, 14 from the NW Czech Republic and 10 from Germany (Saxony) reported odors and collected canister samples during sampling periods in winter 2017 and 2018 and autumn 2018. Canister samples and passive samplers were analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and passive samplers were analyzed for VOCs and carbonyls. OAVs (Odor Activity Values) and back trajectories were calculated with the aim of identifying the odor sources. Calculated OAVs were in excellent agreement with perceived smells close to an oil processing plant. Odorants identified in fifty canister samples during odor episodes and carbonyl measurements close to the edible oil processing plant were used for health evaluation. Odors reported by participants in Saxony frequently differed from those reported by participants in the Czech Republic. This suggests that certain sources of odor lying on either side of the border only affect that side and not the other with similar considerations regarding health effects. VOCs, including carbonyls, were also sampled at two relatively remote locations during winters of 2017 and 2018; two main sources of odorous compounds were identified at these sites. Analysis of samples taken at sampling sites shows that VOC air pollution and, to a lesser extent carbonyl pollution, originate from both industrial and local sources. Even though levels of sampled substances were not associated with acute effects at any site, long-term exposures to selected compounds could be cause for concern for carcinogenicity at some sites. Odors in Seiffen were associated with carcinogenic compounds in can samples. Although not necessarily representative of long-term exposures to the compounds studied, results such as these suggest that further study is needed to better quantify long-term exposure to potentially harmful compounds, and to either confirm or deny the existence of substantive health risk.
- MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- odoranty analýza MeSH
- těkavé organické sloučeniny * analýza MeSH
- zapojení do společnosti MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is one of the most often diagnosed tumours in the world with the highest mortality. A major problem and reason for the high mortality from lung cancer is its diagnosis in the late stages. The main goal of preventing lung cancer deaths is early detection in the early stages and accurate diagnosis, which must be followed by targeted treatment. Nevertheless, even top diagnostic techniques do not have the same accuracy and sensitivity as a dog's sense of smell. METHODS: The study aims to present the results of olfactometric detection of lung cancer using the smell of dogs in unblinded, single-blinded and double-blinded studies. 115 serum samples or breath from patients with lung cancer and 101 samples from healthy people were used for the training. The group consisted of women and men of Indo-European origin, mostly from the Moravian-Silesian region in Czech Republic. Two dogs were selected for the study. RESULTS: In the case of tumor detection in the form of unblinded tests, Bugs had a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 92%. Boolomo had a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 81%. For single-blinded tests, Bugs had a sensitivity of 71%. The sensitivity of Boolomo was set at 90%. After meeting the sensitivity limit of 70%, dogs were included in the double-blinded studies. The highest accuracy was set at 68% for Bugs, 83% for Boolomo. CONCLUSION: When a tumour is diagnosed in the late stages, it is a great burden on both the health and economic systems of the state. Unfortunately, there is still no suitable screening test to detect the tumour at an early stage, so any other method of detection seems desirable. Trained dogs are used in many fields, why not also in medicine and the diagnosis of tumours?
- MeSH
- čich MeSH
- dechové testy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic * diagnóza MeSH
- odoranty * MeSH
- psi MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
