Therapeutic plasma exchange (PLEX) is an adjunctive treatment for patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and kidney involvement. Little is known about the effect of PLEX on early changes in kidney function. This post-hoc analysis of the PEXIVAS trial investigated the effects of PLEX on changes in kidney function within 12 months. PEXIVAS was a randomized controlled trial recruiting 691 patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis, of whom 349 underwent PLEX and 342 received no-PLEX. The primary outcomes of this post hoc study of PEXIVAS were change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline and recovery of kidney function (defined as eGFR increase of 15ml/min/1.73m2 or more). Baseline eGFR was 21.7 ± 20.3 and 20.6 ± 18.7 ml/min/1.73m2 in the PLEX and no-PLEX groups, respectively. Mean improvements in eGFR at weeks two, four, and eight after initiation of therapy were greater for the PLEX vs. the no-PLEX groups. The greatest significant difference in recovery of kidney function in the PLEX compared to the no-PLEX groups was at week four (relative risk (RR): 1.41; 95% confidence interval:1.09-1.82). Increased eGFR or recovery of kidney function at week four were significantly associated with lower risk for end-stage kidney disease at week 52 (RR: 0.96: 0.95-0.97, and RR: 0.29: 0.16-0.52; respectively). Neither changes in eGFR nor recovery of kidney function differed by reduced- compared to standard-dose glucocorticoid group. Overall, our study indicates that PLEX improves early kidney function in patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis.
- MeSH
- Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis * physiopathology therapy drug therapy complications immunology diagnosis MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Glomerulonephritis * physiopathology immunology therapy blood MeSH
- Glucocorticoids * therapeutic use administration & dosage MeSH
- Glomerular Filtration Rate * MeSH
- Kidney * physiopathology drug effects MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Recovery of Function MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Plasma Exchange * MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Multicenter Study MeSH
- Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH
Full recovery from spinal cord injury requires axon regeneration to re-establish motor and sensory pathways. In mammals, the failure of sensory and motor axon regeneration has many causes intrinsic and extrinsic to neurons, amongst which is the lack of adhesion molecules needed to interact with the damaged spinal cord. This study addressed this limitation by expressing the integrin adhesion molecule α9, along with its activator kindlin-1, in sensory neurons via adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. This enabled sensory axons to regenerate through spinal cord injuries and extend to the brainstem, restoring sensory pathways, touch sensation and sensory behaviours. One of the integrin ligands in the injured spinal cord is tenascin-C, which serves as a substrate for α9β1 integrin, a key receptor in developmental axon guidance. However, the adult PNS and CNS neurons lack this receptor. Sensory neurons were transduced with α9 integrin (which pairs with endogenous β1 to form a α9β1 tenascin receptor) together with the integrin activator kindlin-1. Regeneration from sensory neurons transduced with α9integrin and kindlin-1 was examined after C4 and after T10 dorsal column lesions with C6,7 and L4,5 sensory ganglia injected with AAV1 vectors. In animals treated with α9 integrin and kindlin-1, sensory axons regenerated through tenascin-C-expressing connective tissue strands and bridges across the lesions and then re-entered the CNS tissue. Many axons regenerated rostrally to the level of the medulla. Axons grew through the dorsal grey matter rather than their normal pathway the dorsal columns. Growth was slow, axons taking 12 weeks to grow from T10 to the medulla, a distance of 4-5 cm. Functional recovery was confirmed through cFos activation in neurons rostral to the injury after nerve stimulation and VGLUT1/2 staining indicating new synapse formation above the lesion. Behavioural recovery was seen in both heat and mechanical sensation, as well as tape removal tests. This approach demonstrates the potential of integrin-based therapies for long distance sensory axon regeneration and functional recovery following thoracic and partial recovery after cervical spinal cord injury.
- MeSH
- Axons MeSH
- Dependovirus genetics MeSH
- Genetic Vectors MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Disease Models, Animal MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Sensory Receptor Cells * metabolism physiology pathology MeSH
- Recovery of Function physiology MeSH
- Spinal Cord Injuries * pathology physiopathology metabolism MeSH
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- Nerve Tissue Proteins metabolism genetics MeSH
- Nerve Regeneration * physiology MeSH
- Tenascin metabolism MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of computer-assisted CiTM navigation on clinical, radiological, and functional results versus conventional total knee arthroplasty (TKA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2005 and July 2011, a total of 85 patients (36 males, 49 females; mean age: 66.2±5.2 years; range, 59 to 84 years) who underwent P.F.C. SigmaTM knee system implantation using computer-assisted CiTM navigation system (BrainLAB®, DePuy International, Leeds, UK) and completed a minimum follow-up of eight years were included in the study. In the control group, a total of 100 patients (40 males, 60 females; mean age: 68.3±3.9 years; range, 60 to 79 years) who completed a minimum follow-up of eight years were randomly selected from a dataset of implanted P.F.C. SigmaTM knee systems in the same period using Specialist® 2 instrumentation without navigation. An implant survival analysis was used to compare implant survivorship between the groups throughout 12 years. The Knee Society Score (KSS) and range of motion (ROM) were assessed. Based on long-format X-ray images, the implant position in the frontal and sagittal planes was evaluated. RESULTS: The ratio for navigation to control group survival is approximately 1.01 at 12 years. The clinical outcomes showed no significant difference between the groups (knee scores, p=0.707 and functional scores, p=0.485). In the measured angles analysis, we observed a consistent pattern in both groups. In the control group, there was a trend toward implanting the tibial component with slight varus alignment (p=0.038) and a higher posterior slope (p<0.001). On average, the operation was prolonged by 13 min in the navigated group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our study results demonstrate that while kinematic navigation in TKA improves the precision of implant alignment, it does not provide significant benefits in terms of long-term implant survival or functional outcomes compared to conventional TKA methods. The use of the computer-assisted CiTM navigation system is associated with prolonged operation duration, although no technical complications related to the navigation device's software can be observed. Therefore, although navigation offers theoretical advantages in component positioning, its use may be more justifiable in cases with challenging alignment requirements rather than as a routine practice.
- MeSH
- Osteoarthritis, Knee * surgery physiopathology diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Surgery, Computer-Assisted * adverse effects methods instrumentation MeSH
- Knee Joint * surgery diagnostic imaging physiopathology MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Follow-Up Studies MeSH
- Recovery of Function MeSH
- Knee Prosthesis MeSH
- Retrospective Studies MeSH
- Range of Motion, Articular MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee * methods instrumentation adverse effects MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
Poranění míchy je spojeno nejen s poruchou citlivosti a hybnosti pod úrovní léze, ale také s dalšími komplikacemi, jako jsou dysfunkce autonomního nervového systému, spasticita nebo neuropatické bolesti. Zatímco u nekompletních míšních lézí se daří intenzivní rehabilitací zmírnit neurologický deficit, u klinicky kompletních lézí se neurologický obraz zásadně nemění. V posledních letech se zkoumá potenciál epidurální míšní stimulace, která se ukazuje jako slibná metoda schopná ztracené funkce i u kompletních míšních lézí částečně obnovit. V souborném referátu mapujeme rozvoj metody od ovlivnění bolesti až po obnovení volní hybnosti s využitím digitálního mostu mezi motorickou kůrou a míšním stimulátorem. Během posledních 20 let došlo k významnému posunu od mírného zlepšení hybnosti u nekompletních lézí až po obnovení stoje i chůze u motoricky kompletních poranění. Součástí práce je také souhrn ovlivnění autonomních funkcí s efektem na kardiovaskulární systém, vyprazdňování či sexuální funkce. Limitem uvedených studií je především heterogenita nastavení programů, malé soubory pacientů a také rizika spojená s implantací stimulátoru. I tak představuje epidurální míšní stimulace významný posun v léčbě míšního poranění s pozitivním vlivem na kvalitu života této populace.
Spinal cord injury is associated not only with sensory and motor impairment below the level of the lesion, but also with other complications such as autonomic nervous system dysfunction, spasticity, or neuropathic pain. While intensive rehabilitation can alleviate neurological deficits in incomplete spinal cord lesions, the neurological picture in clinically complete lesions remains fundamentally unchanged. In recent years, the potential of epidural spinal cord stimulation has been investigated, showing promise as a method capable of partially restoring lost function even in complete spinal cord lesions. This review outlines the development of the method, from pain modulation to the restoration of voluntary movement using a digital bridge between the motor cortex and spinal cord stimulator. Over the past twenty years, significant progress has been made from slight improvement in mobility in incomplete lesions to the restoration of standing and walking in motor complete injuries. The work also includes a summary of the effects on autonomic functions, with impacts on the cardiovascular system, bladder control, and sexual functions. The limitations of these studies are primarily the heterogeneity of program settings, small patient cohorts, and the risks associated with stimulator implantation. Nevertheless, epidural spinal cord stimulation represents a significant advance in the treatment of spinal cord injury, with a positive impact on the quality of life for this population.
This paper evaluates the first Recovery College in Slovakia, a revolutionary approach to mental health care based on the recovery concept. These colleges offer comprehensive educational programs led by individuals with personal and/or professional experience in mental health care. The main goal is to help individuals become experts in their own care; instead of prevalent paternalistic care of patients and clients who need to be told how to manage their mental health problems; it brings about a paradigm shift in the way people who experience mental illness are viewed. We used mixed research. We utilized the standardized Recovery Assessment Scale questionnaire (measuring the effect of courses on subjective recovery rates) and semi-structured interviews with staff and students of the first Recovery College in Slovakia. Interviews were focused on fulfilling the goals and principles of Recovery Colleges (Education, Co-production, Strengths-based approach, Progress and empowerment, Inclusion, Community focus and Person-centered approach). Both tools demonstrate positive changes in the lives of staff and students of the first Recovery College in Slovakia, especially when it comes to self-stigma reduction, the increase of self-responsibility, and recognizing personal strengths. The article provides a unique insight into the newly established Recovery College. It could serve as a source of inspiration.
- Keywords
- Recovery College,
- MeSH
- Mental Health MeSH
- Empowerment MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Recovery of Function * MeSH
- Health Care Surveys MeSH
- Self Concept MeSH
- Mental Health Services * organization & administration MeSH
- Peer Group MeSH
- Patient Education as Topic methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia MeSH
BACKGROUND: Management of recurrent mitral regurgitation (MR) or relevant iatrogenic mitral valve (MV) stenosis after mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) emerges as an increasingly relevant clinical issue. Surgery after M-TEER is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Electrosurgical leaflet laceration and stabilization of the implant (ELASTA-Clip) followed by transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is an innovative, less-invasive treatment option for patients with TEER failure. OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to evaluate the early results of ELASTA-Clip followed by transapical TMVR in patients with symptomatic failed M-TEER (defined as persistent or recurrent MR, or iatrogenic MV stenosis). METHODS: Data from symptomatic patients with failed M-TEER who underwent ELASTA-Clip followed by compassionate use or commercial transapical TMVR using the Abbott Tendyne system were retrospectively collected from 8 tertiary care centers in 4 countries. Safety and efficacy of the procedure were assessed up to 1 year according to Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium (MVARC) criteria. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients (mean age 77.8 ± 9.2 years, 40.9% [9/22] female) at high surgical risk (EuroSCORE II 8.0 ± 0.4, STS score 7.2% ± 1.1%) with symptomatic residual MR ≥3+ (n = 21) or iatrogenic MV stenosis (n = 1) after failed M-TEER were followed for a median period of 8.5 [Q1-Q3: 2.6-11.6] months. The ELASTA-Clip procedure (90.9% [20/22] transseptal, 9.1% [2/22] transapical) followed by TMVR were successful in all patients (22/22). Technical success according to MVARC was achieved in 21 patients (21/22, 95.4%) without left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or conversion to sternotomy. At 30 days, 3 patients had paravalvular leak progression, ischemic stroke occurred in 3 patients (3/20, 15.0%). Baseline MR (≥3+ in 95.5% [21/22]) was reduced to grade 1+ or less in all patients with durable results in 89.5% (17/19) (P < 0.001). NYHA functional class significantly improved to ≤II in 81.3% (13/16) at discharge (P < 0.001) and 72.2% (13/18) at last follow-up (P < 0.001). At 30 days, all patients (20/20) were alive. Three patients (3/20, 15.0%) were rehospitalized for heart failure (uncontrolled atrial fibrillation in 2 cases) and 1 of them (1/22, 4.5%) underwent a reintervention (valve retensioning). CONCLUSIONS: Transapical TMVR after ELASTA-Clip is a feasible and less invasive option for the management of failed M-TEER that can be performed with acceptable results in a carefully selected patient population. Particular attention is required to avoid paravalvular leakage and measures to minimize the risk of periprocedural cerebrovascular events need to be implemented in future larger-scale prospective studies with longer-term follow-up.
- MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation * instrumentation adverse effects MeSH
- Compassionate Use Trials MeSH
- Electrosurgery adverse effects MeSH
- Iatrogenic Disease MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Mitral Valve * surgery diagnostic imaging physiopathology MeSH
- Mitral Valve Insufficiency * surgery diagnostic imaging physiopathology etiology MeSH
- Mitral Valve Stenosis * surgery diagnostic imaging physiopathology etiology MeSH
- Treatment Failure MeSH
- Recovery of Function MeSH
- Recurrence * MeSH
- Retrospective Studies MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Heart Valve Prosthesis * MeSH
- Cardiac Catheterization * instrumentation adverse effects MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Multicenter Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe MeSH
Neurons in the CNS lose regenerative potential with maturity, leading to minimal corticospinal tract (CST) axon regrowth after spinal cord injury (SCI). In young rodents, knockdown of PTEN, which antagonizes PI3K signaling by hydrolyzing PIP3, promotes axon regeneration following SCI. However, this effect diminishes in adults, potentially due to lower PI3K activation leading to reduced PIP3. This study explores whether increased PIP3 generation can promote long-distance regeneration in adults. We used a hyperactive PI3K, PI3Kδ (PIK3CD), to boost PIP3 levels in mature cortical neurons and assessed CST regeneration after SCI. Adult rats received AAV1-PIK3CD and AAV1-eGFP, or AAV1-eGFP alone, in the sensorimotor cortex concurrent with a C4 dorsal SCI. Transduced neurons showed increased pS6 levels, indicating elevated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. CST regeneration, confirmed with retrograde tracing, was evaluated up to 16 weeks post injury. At 12 weeks, ∼100 axons were present at lesion sites, doubling to 200 by 16 weeks, with regeneration indices of 0.1 and 0.2, respectively. Behavioral tests showed significant improvements in paw reaching, grip strength, and ladder-rung walking in PIK3CD-treated rats, corroborated by electrophysiological recordings of cord dorsum potentials and distal flexor muscle electromyography. Thus, PI3Kδ upregulation in adult cortical neurons enhances axonal regeneration and functional recovery post SCI.
- MeSH
- Axons metabolism physiology MeSH
- Dependovirus genetics MeSH
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases metabolism genetics MeSH
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases metabolism MeSH
- Genetic Vectors genetics MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Disease Models, Animal MeSH
- Neurons metabolism MeSH
- Recovery of Function MeSH
- Spinal Cord Injuries * metabolism therapy genetics MeSH
- Pyramidal Tracts * metabolism MeSH
- Nerve Regeneration * MeSH
- Signal Transduction MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is an important goal for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), but whether antidepressants improve HRQL in these patients is unclear. Here, we describe the real-world effects of trazodone once-a-day (TzOAD) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatments on HRQL and functioning in adults with MDD. METHODS: This 8-week prospective, observational, open-label, multicenter study was conducted in adults with moderate or severe MDD for whom TzOAD or SSRI were prescribed as monotherapy. The primary outcome was life enjoyment and satisfaction assessed via the patient-reported Quality-of-Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF) from baseline to week 8. Secondary outcomes included change in Q-LES-Q-SF from baseline to weeks 1 and 2; severity of depressive symptoms using the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and sleep disturbance via the PROMIS SF-SD 8b questionnaire at weeks 1, 2, and 8; and overall functioning via the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), hedonic capacity using the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), and cognitive dysfunction using the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ-5) at baseline and week 8. RESULTS: The study included 208 adults with MDD (mean [SD] age = 50.2 [14.3] years; 68.6% female; 98.4% White). Life enjoyment and satisfaction improved from baseline to week 8 for both treatment groups: Q-LES-Q-SF mean (SD) scores were 27.5 (20.4) for the SSRI group and 39.0 (22.1) for the TzOAD group. Depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances also reduced from baseline to week 8: MADRS (SSRI, -15.7 [8.3]; TzOAD, -21.0 [9.8]); PROMIS SF-SD 8b (SSRI, -9.9 [12.6]; TzOAD, -22.0 [12.6]). Mean change scores in Q-LES-Q-SF, MADRS, and PROMIS SF-SD 8b improved as early as week 1 in both groups. Mean scores also improved from baseline to week 8 on SDS (SSRI, -9.2 [7.4]; TzOAD, -14.3 [7.5]), SHAPS (SSRI, -6.6 [4.3]; TzOAD, -8.3 [4.4]), and PDQ-5 (SSRI, -5.8 [4.5]; TzOAD, -7.7 [5.0]). CONCLUSIONS: In adults with MDD who received TzOAD or SSRIs, overall and individual HQRL domains improved rapidly and in parallel with improvements in depressive symptoms, with a slightly greater improvement observed in the TzOAD group.
- MeSH
- Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation administration & dosage therapeutic use pharmacology MeSH
- Depressive Disorder, Major * drug therapy physiopathology MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Quality of Life * MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Recovery of Function drug effects MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors * administration & dosage pharmacology MeSH
- Trazodone * pharmacology administration & dosage MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Multicenter Study MeSH
- Observational Study MeSH
PURPOSE: There is variation in organization of geriatric rehabilitation across Europe. The purpose of this study was to describe the selection criteria for referral to geriatric rehabilitation, care provided, and recovery trajectories of post-COVID-19 patients referred to geriatric rehabilitation in Europe. METHODS: This observational cohort study included 723 patients in 59 care facilities for geriatric rehabilitation across 10 countries. Patient data were collected from medical records on admission to geriatric rehabilitation (between September 2020 and October 2021), discharge, 6 weeks and 6 months follow-up. The primary and secondary outcomes were recovery in daily functioning (Barthel Index) and Quality of Life (EQ-5D-5L) from admission to discharge. These were examined using linear mixed models with two levels (measurements nested in patients) and country as an independent variable. Random intercept and random linear slope parameters were added when they improved model fit. A survey about organization of geriatric rehabilitation for post-COVID-19 patients was filled out by country coordinators and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inductive coding of answers to open questions. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 75.7 years old and 52.4% were male. Many countries used various combinations of the selection criteria, such as functional status, age, frailty, Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment, comorbidities, and cognitive impairments. Most patients received physiotherapy (88.8%) and occupational therapy (69.7%), but there was substantial variance between countries in the percentages of patients that received protein or calorie enriched diets, oxygen therapy, and other treatment components. In all countries, patients showed recovery in daily functioning and quality of life, although there was variation in between countries in rate of recovery. Daily functioning seemed to increase most rapidly in the Czech Republic, Germany, and Russia. The steepest increases in quality of life were seen in the Czech Republic, Germany, and Spain. CONCLUSION: Post-COVID-19 patients showed recovery during geriatric rehabilitation, albeit at variable rates. The observed variation may be explained by the heterogeneity in selection criteria and care provided. This study highlights the need for harmonization of measurements in geriatric rehabilitation order to perform explanatory research and optimize geriatric rehabilitation throughout Europe to ensure optimal patient recovery.
- MeSH
- Activities of Daily Living MeSH
- COVID-19 * rehabilitation epidemiology MeSH
- Geriatric Assessment MeSH
- Cohort Studies MeSH
- Quality of Life MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Recovery of Function MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 physiology MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Multicenter Study MeSH
- Observational Study MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe MeSH
Tyroidálne hormóny (TH) ovplyvňujú vrodené aj adaptívne imunitné reakcie prostredníctvom genetických a negenomických dráh. 3,5,3 ́-trijódtyronínu (T 3) a tyroxín (T4) zvyšujú syntézu a uvoľňovanie cytokínov, ktoré sú zložkami „cytokínovej búrky“, ktorú môžu vyvolať aj systémové vírusové infekcie. Jednovláknový RNA koronavírus 2 môže spôsobiť alebo negatívne ovplyvniť už existujúce rôzne ochorenia štítnej žľazy (ŠŽ) – subakútnu tyroiditídu, tyreotoxikózu, autoimunitnú chronickú lymfocytárnu tyroiditídu, hypotyreózu a syndróm nízkeho T3.
Thyroid hormones (TH) influence both innate and adaptive immune responses through genetic and non-genomic pathways. 3,5,3 ́-triiodothyronine (T 3) and thyroxine (T 4) increase the synthesis and release of cytokines, which are components of the „cytokine storm“ that can also be triggered by systemic viral infections. Single-stranded RNA coronavirus 2 can cause or negatively affect pre-existing various thyroid diseases – subacute thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, autoimmune chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, hypothyroidism and low T3 syndrome.
