Ephemeral habitats can impose challenging conditions for population persistence. Survival strategies in these environments can range from high dispersal capacity to the evolution of dormant stages able to tolerate a harsh environment outside the temporal window of favourable conditions [1]. Annual killifish have evolved to live in seasonal pools on the African savannah and display a range of adaptations to cope with an unpredictable environment [2,3]. For most of the year, killifish populations survive as diapausing embryos buried in dry sediment. When savannah depressions fill with rainwater, the fish hatch, grow rapidly and, after attaining sexual maturity, reproduce daily [2,4]. Nothobranchius furzeri, a model species in ageing research [2,3], is distributed in a region where the climate is particularly dry and rains are unpredictable [5]. Here, we demonstrate that the fast juvenile growth and rapid sexual maturation shown by N. furzeri in captivity is actually an underestimate of their natural developmental rate. We estimated the age of N. furzeri in natural populations by counting daily-deposited increments in the otoliths and performing histological analysis of gonads. We found that N. furzeri are capable of reaching sexual maturity within 14 days after hatching, which to our knowledge is the fastest rate of sexual maturation recorded for a vertebrate. We also demonstrate that N. furzeri can grow from an initial length of 5 mm up to 54 mm over the course of a two-week period. Such rapid juvenile development is likely to be adaptive since some pools were entirely desiccated 3-5 weeks after filling, but retained a viable killifish population that reproduced before the adults succumbed to the disappearance of their pool.

Department of Zoology Faculty of Sciences Charles University Viničná 7 Praha Czech Republic

The Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Biology Brno Czech Republic

University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses Vodňany Czech Republic

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