Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn. (Acoraceae)) is a traditional Indian medicinal herb, which is practiced to treat a wide range of health ailments, including neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic, kidney, and liver disorders. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive up-to-date report on its ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, and pharmacotherapeutic potential, while identifying potential areas for further research. To date, 145 constituents have been isolated from this herb and identified, including phenylpropanoids, sesquiterpenoids, and monoterpenes. Compelling evidence is suggestive of the biopotential of its various extracts and active constituents in several metabolic and neurological disorders, such as anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-obesity effects. The present extensive literature survey is expected to provide insights into the involvement of several signaling pathways and oxidative mechanisms that can mitigate oxidative stress, and other indirect mechanisms modulated by active biomolecules of A. calamus to improve neurological and metabolic disorders.

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Králové Rokitanskeho 62 50003 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana Faculty of Ayurveda Institute of Medical Sciences BHU Varanasi 221005 Uttar Pradesh India

Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Alameda Prof Hernani Monteiro 4200 319 Porto Portugal Institute for research and Innovation in Heath University of Porto Rua Alfredo Allen 4200 135 Porto Portugal

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